Chapter 6 - Adolescence Flashcards
Puberty
Period of rapid growth and sexual maturation
8-14
G10
B12
Distal proximal development
Growth proceeds from the extremities toward the torso
Primary sexual characteristics
Changes in the productive organs
Spermarche
First ejaculation of semen
11-15
Menarche
First menstrual period
Secondary sexual characteristics
Visible physical changes not directly linked to reproduction, but signal sexual maturity
Acne
Pimples on the skin due to overactive sebaceous glands
Glands develop at a greater speed in the skin ducts that discharges the oil
Ducts can become clogged with dead skin and acne will develop
Limbic system
Regulates, emotion, and reward
Novelty, seeking, and a shift toward interacting with peers
Prefrontal cortex
Involved in the control of impulses, organization, planning, and making good decisions
Dopamine
Involved in reward, circuits
Neurotransmitter
Oxytocin
Facilitates bonding and makes social connections more rewarding
Muscle dysmorphia
Extreme desire to increase one’s muscularity
Men
Maudsley approach
Has parents of adolescents with anorexia nervosa be actively involved in their child’s treatment
Cognitive therapy
Assists sufferers by identifying, distorted, thinking patterns, and changing inaccurate beliefs
Abstract principles
No physical reference
Beauty, love, freedom and morality
Hypothetical, deductive reasoning
Developing hypothesis based on what might logically occur
Transitivity
Relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two
A<B and B<C then A<C
Egocentrism
Heightened self-focus
Imagery audience
Adolescent’s belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their appearance, as they themselves are
Personal fable
Belief that one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm
Introspection
Thinking about one’s thoughts and feelings
Idealistic
Insisting upon high standards of behavior
Hypocrisy
Pretend to be what they are not
Pseudo-stupidity
When they approach problems at a level that is too complex, and they fail because the tasks are too simple
Bright but not experience
Self-regulation
Ability to control impulses
Inductive reasoning
Specific observations, or specific comments from those in authority, may be used to draw general conclusions
Bottom up reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning that starts with some over-arching principle, and based on this proposes specific conclusions
Top down processing
Dual process model
Notion that humans have two distinct networks for processing information
Intuitive thought
Automatic, unconscious, and fast, and it is more experiential and emotional
Status dropout rate
Percentage of 16 to 24 year olds who are not enrolled in school and do not have high school credentials
Psychological moratorium
Teens put on hold commitment to an identity while exploring the options
Identity diffusion
Status that characterizes those who have neither explored the options, nor made a commitment to an identity
Little connection to those around them, or little sense of purpose in life
Identity foreclosure
Made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options
Parents make make decisions for their children and do not grant teen the opportunity to make choices
Teens me, strongly identify with parents and others in their life and wish to follow in their footsteps
Identity moratorium
Status that describes those who are actively exploring in an attempt to establish an identity, but have yet to have made any commitment
Nothing is certain, many questions and not many answers
Identity achievement
Those who, after exploration have made a commitment
Ethnic identity
How people come to terms with who they are based on their ethnic or racial ancestry
MAMA cycling
Moving back-and-forth between the moratorium and achievement
Bicultural identity
Individual sees himself or herself as part of both the ethnic minority group, and the larger society
Multi racial
Parents come from two or more ethnic or racial groups
Negative identity
Adoption of norms and values that are the opposite of one’s family and culture, and is assumed to be one of the more problematic outcomes of identity development in young people
Autonomy
Teenager’s greater desire for independence
Homophily
Adolescents, who are similar to one another, choose to spend time together, in a “birds of a feather flock together” way
Deviant peer contagion
Process by which peers reinforce problem behavior by laughing, or showing other signs of approval, that then increase the likelihood of future problem behavior
Cliques
Groups of individuals who interact, frequent
Crowds
Characterized more by shared, reputations or images than actual interactions
Relationship inauthenticity
Incongruence (incompatibility) between thoughts, feelings, and actions within a relationship
