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CD106 > Chapter 2 - Heredity, Prenatal Dev, & Birth > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Heredity, Prenatal Dev, & Birth Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

Specific sequence of nucleotides

recipes for making proteins.

Located on the chromosomes and there are an estimated 20,500 genes for humans. 

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2
Q

Human cells

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs; one from each parent) in nucleus of the cell

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

Process by which most cells of the body are created.

The cell’s nucleus making an exact copy of all the chromosomes and splitting them into two new cells

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

Gamete’s Chromosomes duplicate, and then divide twice resulting in four cells containing only half the genetic material of the original gamete.

Each sperm and the egg process is only 23 chromosomes and combine to produce the normal 46. 

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5
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm or ova - cells used in sexual reproduction

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6
Q

Genotype

A

Sum total of all the genes a person inherits

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

Features that are actually expressed (What you see in the mirror)

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8
Q

Homozygous

A

The same version of a gene from our mother and father

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9
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different version of the gene from each parent

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10
Q

Dominant

A

Genes that express themselves in the phenotype even when paired with a different version of the chain

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11
Q

Recessive

A

Genes that express themselves only one paired with a similar version gene

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of a gene

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13
Q

Polygenic

A

Characteristics that are the result of several genes

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14
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When the dominant gene does not completely suppress the recessive gene

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15
Q

Carriers

A

Those who have inherited only one recessive gene

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16
Q

Monozygotic

A

Identical twins

Fertilized egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development

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17
Q

Dizygotic

A

Fraternal twins

Two eggs or ova are released and fertilized by two separate sperm

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18
Q

Sex-linked

A

Defective gene is found on the X chromosome

Males have only one X chromosome so are at greater risk for sex linked disorders due to a recessive gene such as hemophilia, color blindness, and baldness

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19
Q

Chromosomal abnormality

A

Occurs when a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes.

Most common is impaired 21. Trisomy 21 or down syndrome

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20
Q

Down syndrome

A

Occurs when there are three rather than two 21st chromosomes.

Intellectual disability and possesses certain physical features, such as short fingers and toes, folds of skin over the eyes, and a protruding tongue

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21
Q

Sex-linked chromosomal abnormality

A

23rd pair

XXY, XYY, XXX, XO

Most common: Turner syndrome & Klinefelter syndrome

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22
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Occurs when part or all of one of the X chromosomes is lost and the resulting zygote has an XO composition

Affects individuals cognitive functioning and sexual maturation. External genitalia appear normal, but breast and ovaries do not develop fully and the woman does not menstruate 

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23
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY

Results when an extra X chromosome is present in the cells of a male. 1 in 650 live male births.

The Y chromosome stimulates the growth of male genetalia, but the additional X chromosome inhibits this development. Individual typically has small testes, some breast development, and fertility, and low levels of testosterone.

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24
Q

Genetic counseling

A

Service that assist individuals identify, test for, and explain potential genetic conditions that could adversely affect themselves or their offspring

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25
Behavioral genetics
Scientific study of the interplay between the genetic and environmental contributions to behavior
26
Genotype-environmental correlations
Process by which genetic factors contribute to variations in the environment Passive Evocative Active 
27
Passive genotype-environment correlation
When children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides Ex. Water skiing
28
Evocative genotype-environment correlation
How the social environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics Ex. Outgoing or shy affects how you’re treated
29
Active genotype-environment correlation
When individuals seek out environments that support their genetic tendencies Musically inclined seek out music instruction or what facilitates natural ability 
30
Genotype-environment interactions
Genetic susceptibility to environment. Children exhibit significantly fewer behavior problems when their adoptive parents use more structure to parenting then unstructured.
31
Epigenetics
Studies modifications in DNA that affect gene expression and are passed on when the cells divide. Environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, and teratogens are thought to change gene expression by switching genes on and off.
32
Prenatal development
Germinal period Embryonic period Fetal period
33
Germinal period
14 days Conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus. Creates Zygote Blastocyst - embryonic disk and trophoblast
34
Zygote
Cell containing the combined genetic information from both parents
35
Blastocyst
100 cells after five days of mitosis. During germinal period. 
36
Embryonic disk
Blastocyst inner group of cells that become the embryo
37
Trophoblast
Blastocyst outer group of cells that becomes the support system which nourishes the developing organism
38
Embryonic period
3rd week to end of 8th week Embryo Placenta Head develops 4th week Precursor to heart begins to pulse Most vulnerable to teratogens 1-in 8-grams end of 8th week
39
Placenta
Embryonic period Formed from blood vessels Structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord
40
Cephalocaudal development
Growth from head to tail
41
Proximodistal development
Growth from the midline outward
42
Fetal period
9th week to birth Organism known as fetus 3rd month has all body parts - 3-in 28 grams 4th to 6th months - eyes sensitive to light, develop hearing and respiratory system, and reflexes. Cycles of sleep and wakefulness. Age of viability. Can feel pain week 24. 7th to 9th month - preparing for birth. Exercises muscles. Lungs expand/contract. 7-in 5-lbs. develop layer of fat for insulation and regulate temperature after birth 36 weeks - almost ready for birth. 18.5-in 6-lbs. 37 weeks all organ systems develop. Birth imminent.
43
Age of viability
First chance of survival outside the womb
44
Neurogenesis
Formation of neurons, is largely completed after five months of gestation
45
Gray matter
Regions of the brain that contain the cell bodies
46
White matter
The axons that form the neural pathways
47
Teratology
The study of factors that contribute to birth defects
48
Teratogens
Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, and include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs and alcohol
49
Factors influencing prenatal risks (5)
Time of exposure Amount of Number of teratogens Genetics Being male or female (males More likely to experience damage due to teratogens)
50
Alcohol
Most common Leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities and children in the US. Can lead to neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties that can last a lifetime
51
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Umbrella term for the range of effects that can occur due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy
52
Binge drinking
Four or more drinks in 2 to 3 hours
53
Tobacco
Associated with no birthweight Ectopic pregnancy - fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus Placenta previa - Placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix Placenta abruption - Placenta separate prematurely from the uterine wall Birth defects, learning disabilities, and early puberty in girls Third-hand smoke - toxins from tobacco smoke that linger on clothing, furniture, and then locations where smoking has occurred. Negative impact on infant’s lung development
54
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
If a baby‘s mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy that baby can get addicted to the drug before birth and go through drug withdrawal after birth
55
Toxoplasmosis
Tiny parasite, toxoplasma gondii, causes an infection. Can cause premature birth, stillbirth and can result in birth defects to the eye and brain. Avoid eating undercooked or raw meat and unwashed fruits and vegetables, and cat feces, soil, sand
56
Gestational diabetes
Condition where the body has too much glucose in the bloodstream. Usually goes away after mother gives birth, but it might indicate a risk for developing diabetes later in life.
57
Hypertension
High blood pressure Condition in which the pressure against the wall of the arteries becomes too high. Can be gestational or chronic
58
Rh disease
Mothers who are Rh negative are at risk of having a baby with a form of Anemia 
59
Ultrasound
Test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus
60
Amniocentesis
Procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested. Not done routinely as it has a high risk of miscarriage. 
61
Chorionic villus sampling
Procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested. Not done routinely as it has a high risk of miscarriage.
62
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Infection of a woman’s reproductive organs
63
In vitro fertilization
Eggs are removed from the female and are fertilized outside the woman’s body. The fertilized egg is then reinserted in the woman’s uterus.
64
Ectopic pregnancy
When the zygote becomes attached to the fallopian tube before reaching the uterus. 1 in 50 pregnancies
65
Preeclampsia/Toxemia
Characterized by a sharp rise in blood pressure, a leakage of protein into the urine As a result of kidney problems, and swelling of the hands, feet, and face during the third trimester of pregnancy.
66
Eclampsia
When preeclampsia causes seizures 
67
Lamaze method
Method that teaches the woman to be in control in the process of delivery. Includes learning muscle relaxation, breathing through contractions, having a focal point during contractions and having a support person who goes through the training process with the mother and serves as a coach during delivery
68
Stages of birth for vaginal delivery
First stage (longest) - Initially contractions 30 seconds spaced 15 to 20-min apart. Increase to more than 1-min spaced 3 to 4 min. apart. Doctor called when spaced 5-min. 12-16-hrs 1st child & 6-9-hrs if previously given birth Second stage - passage of baby through birth canal. 10-40-min. Contractions every 2-3-min. Sometimes episiotomy performed. Babies mouth and nose are suctioned out the umbilical cord is clamped and cut. Third stage - Painless. Placenta or after birth is delivered typically within 20 minutes after delivery.
69
Braxton-Hicks contractions
False labor
70
Episiotomy
Incision made into tissue between the vaginal opening and anus
71
Epidural block
Regional analgesic that can be used during labor and alleviates most pain in the lower body without slowing labor
72
Cesarean section
Surgery to deliver the baby by being removed through the mothers abdomen
73
Induced birth
Delivering the baby before labor begins
74
Apgar assessment
Conducted one minute and five minutes after birth. Wait to assess the newborns overall condition. Five measures as follows: Heart rate Respiration Muscle tone Reflex response Color
75
Neonatal behavioral assessment scale
The babies motor development, muscle tone, and stress response are assessed. This tool has been used around the world to further assess the newborn, especially those with no Apgar scores
76
Anoxia
Temporary lack of oxygen to the brain
77
Low birth weight
If baby weighs less than 5 lbs. 8 oz.
78
Preterm
Born at less than 37 weeks gestation
79
Respiratory distress syndrome
Characterized by weak and irregular breathing – significant consequence of preterm births
80
Small-for-date
Infants that have birthweights that are due no expectation based on their gestational age
81
Baby blues
Feelings of sadness that occur 3 to 5 days after having a baby, and typically disappear usually within 10 days of the birth
82
Peripartum onset of depression / Postpartum depression
Type of depression that occurs during pregnancy or in the four weeks following pregnancy

CD106 (6 decks)

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