Chapter 6 Flashcards
Preparticipation
Health Screening
A review of their chronic disease risk factors and presence of
any signs or symptoms of disease. Once all of the information has been collected, the
results should be used to stratify the risk of all new clients
Three Strata for Risk in PAR-Q
Low risk Individuals who do not have any signs or symptoms of cardiovascular,
pulmonary, or metabolic disease and have ≤1 cardiovascular disease risk
factor.
Moderate risk Individuals who do not have any signs or symptoms of cardiovascular,
pulmonary, or metabolic disease but have ≥2 cardiovascular disease risk
factors.
High risk Individuals who have one or more signs or symptoms of cardiovascular,
pulmonary, or metabolic disease.
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)
Gathering relevant background information from a client helps personal trainers
determine whether their client has any medical, health, or physical conditions that
could limit or restrict how much or what type of exercise they could do.
When clients
answer yes to one or more questions on the PAR-Q, the personal trainers should refer
them to a physician for further medical screening before starting an exercise program.
General Health History Questions
A health history is a collection of information that is generally part of a medical physical
or medical health history, which discusses relevant facts about the individual’s history,
including biographic, demographic, occupational, and general lifestyle (physical,
mental, emotional, sociocultural, sexual, and sometimes spiritual) data.
Lifestyle Questions
Lifestyle or personal questions pertain to a client’s general lifestyle activities and habits,
and might include questions about smoking, drinking, exercise, and sleeping habits as
well as recreational activities and hobbies.
Medical History Questions
Obtaining a client’s medical history (Figure 6.5) is vitally important because it provides
personal trainers with information about known or suspected chronic diseases, such as
coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes.
Provides information about the client’s past and current health status, as well as any past or recent injuries, surgeries, or other chronic health conditions.
Components of a Fitness Assessment
Subjective Information
General and medical history:
Occupation, Lifestyle, Medical, and Personal Information
Objective Information
Physiologic assessments
Body composition testing
Cardiorespiratory assessments
Static and dynamic postural assessments
Performance assessments
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Assessment
The assessment of resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) is a sensitive indicator
of a client’s overall cardiorespiratory health as well as fi tness status.
For example, resting HR is a fairly good indicator of overall
cardiorespiratory fi tness, whereas exercise HR is a strong indicator of how a client’s cardiorespiratory
system is responding and adapting to exercise.
Two Primary Place to Measure Pulse
Radial and carotid arteries
Best to take a reading over three days
the resting HR for a male is
70 beats per minute and 75 beats per minute for a female
Target Heart Rate Training Zones
One Builds aerobic base and aids in recovery
Two Increases aerobic and anaerobic endurance
Three Builds high-end work capacity
Two Ways to Calculate Target Heart Rate (THR)
Estimated
maximal heart rate (straight percentage method) or by using a percentage of heart rate
reserve (Karvonen method)
Straight Percentage Method
(estimated maximal heart rate)
A client’s estimated maximal heart rate (HRmax) is found by subtracting their age from
the number 220 (220 – age). Once the client’s HRmax is determined, multiply the estimated
HRmax by the appropriate intensity (65–95%) at which the client should work
while performing cardiorespiratory exercise to calculate THR.
Zone one Maximal heart rate x 0.65
Maximal heart rate x 0.75
Zone two Maximal heart rate x 0.76
Maximal heart rate x 0.85
Zone three Maximal heart rate x 0.86
Maximal heart rate x 0.95
HR Reserve (HRR) Method
(Karvonen Method)
THR = [(HRmax − HRrest) × desired intensity] + HRrest
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels after blood is ejected from the heart.
Systolic and Diastolic
Systolic represents the pressure within the arterial system after the
heart contracts.
Diastolic the pressure within the arterial system when the heart is resting and fi lling
Blood Pressure Assessment
Blood pressure is measured using an aneroid sphygmomanometer, which consists of
an infl atable cuff, a pressure dial, a bulb with a valve, and a stethoscope.
Body Composition
Body composition refers to the relative percentage of body weight that is fat versus
fat-free tissue, or more commonly reported as “Percent Body Fat.”
Benefits of Body Composition Assessment
To identify clientfs health risk for excessively high or low levels of body fat
To promote clientfs understanding of body fat
To monitor changes in body composition
To help estimate healthy body weight for clients and athletes
To assist in exercise program design
To use as a motivational tool (for certain clients)
To monitor changes in body composition that are associated with chronic diseases
To assess effectiveness of nutrition and exercise choices
Body Composition Assessment
- Skinfold measurement: uses a caliper to estimate the amount of subcutaneous fat
beneath the skin. - Bioelectrical impedance: uses a portable instrument to conduct an electrical current
through the body to estimate fat. This form of assessment is based on the hypothesis
that tissues that are high in water content conduct electrical currents with less resistance
than those with little water (such as adipose tissue). - Underwater weighing often referred to as hydrostatic weighing has been the most
common technique used in exercise physiology laboratories to determine body
composition.
Skinfold Measurements
Skinfolds
(SKF) are an indirect measure of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue. The
assumption is that the amount of fat present in the subcutaneous regions of the body
is proportional to overall body fatness, and most of the time this is the case.
