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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, the fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues

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2
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymphatic vessels and ducts; the capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream

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3
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph nodes; bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system

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4
Q

tonsill/o, adenoid/o

A

tonsils and adenoids; lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system

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5
Q

splen/o

A

spleen; a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems

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6
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (white blood cells).

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7
Q

lymphocyt/o

A

lymphocytes; specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions

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8
Q

thym/o

A

thymus; a gland location in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems

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9
Q

anti-

A

antagonist

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10
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous

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11
Q

immun/o

A

immune, protection, safe

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12
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic tissue

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13
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node or gland

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14
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymph vessel

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15
Q

neo-, ne/o

A

new, strange

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16
Q

-oma

A

tumor, neoplasm

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17
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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18
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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19
Q

-plasm

A

formative material of cells

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20
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh, connective tissue

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21
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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22
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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23
Q

tox/o

A

poison, poisonous

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24
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

The most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection.

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25
Q

allergen

A

A substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

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26
Q

anaphylaxis

A

A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

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27
Q

antibiotics

A

A medication that is capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms.

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28
Q

antibody

A

A disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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29
Q

antifungal

A

An agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi.

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30
Q

antigen

A

Any substance that the body regards as foreign

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31
Q

antigen–antibody reaction

A

The binding of antigens to antibodies.

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32
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

Any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens.

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33
Q

bacilli

A

Rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria.

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34
Q

bacteria

A

A group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which are pathogenic.

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35
Q

benign

A

Not life-threatening

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36
Q

candidiasis

A

An infection caused by yeast, a type of fungus.

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37
Q

carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

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38
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

A malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.

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39
Q

complement system

A

A group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells.

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40
Q

cytokines

A

A group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells that act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

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41
Q

cytomegalovirus

A

A group of large herpes-type viruses found in most body fluids and most often causing an infection without signs or symptoms. Can cause a serious illness when the individual has a weakened immune system or when passed from mother to unborn child.

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42
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

Medication that kills or damages cells.

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43
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Breast cancer at its earliest stage, before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct.

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44
Q

hemolytic

A

Describes the function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes (red blood cells) and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse.

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45
Q

herpes zoster

A

An acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve.

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46
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

A malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes.

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47
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

A bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system.

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48
Q

immunoglobulins

A

Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response.

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49
Q

immunosuppressant

A

A substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response.

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50
Q

immunotherapy

A

A treatment of disease by either stimulating or repressing the immune response.

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51
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

An infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes.

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52
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

Breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue; also known as invasive ductal carcinoma.

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53
Q

interferons

A

Produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. They activate the immune system, fight viruses, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

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54
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

Any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes.

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55
Q

lymphangioma

A

A benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.

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56
Q

lymphedema

A

Swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues.

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57
Q

lymphocytes

A

One of three types of cells that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells that act as specialized antibodies.

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58
Q

lymphoma

A

A general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.

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59
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

A diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.

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60
Q

macrophage

A

A type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells.

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61
Q

malaria

A

A disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.

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62
Q

malignant

A

Becoming progressively worse and life-threatening.

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63
Q

mammography

A

A radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

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64
Q

metastasis

A

The process by which cancer is spread to a new site; may refer to the tumor itself.

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65
Q

metastasize

A

To spread from one place to another.

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66
Q

myoma

A

A benign tumor made up of muscle tissue.

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67
Q

myosarcoma

A

A malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.

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68
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

The term used to describe all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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69
Q

opportunistic infection

A

Caused by a pathogen that normally does not cause illness in healthy humans, but is able to cause an infection in a weakened host.

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70
Q

osteosarcoma

A

A hard-tissue sarcoma usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or the knees.

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71
Q

parasite

A

A plant or an animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism.

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72
Q

rabies

A

An acute viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

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73
Q

rickettsia

A

Small bacteria that live in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans.

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74
Q

rubella

A

A viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash; also known as German measles or 3-day measles.

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75
Q

sarcoma

A

A malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue; plural, sarcomas or sarcomata.

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76
Q

spirochetes

A

Long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

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77
Q

splenomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the spleen.

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78
Q

staphylococci

A

Group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes.

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79
Q

streptococci

A

Bacteria that form a chain.

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80
Q

systemic reaction

A

A severe reaction to an allergen; also described as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock.

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81
Q

teletherapy

A

Radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body that is precisely targeted with the use of three-dimensional computer imaging.

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82
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

A parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces.

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83
Q

varicella

A

A highly contagious disease caused by a herpes virus characterized by a fever and rash; also known as chickenpox.

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84
Q

Lacteals

A

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the lacteals. The lymphatic vessels then return them to the venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.

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85
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

also known as intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues; delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells; When interstitial fluid leaves the cells, it brings with it waste products and protein molecules that were created within the cells. About 90% of this fluid returns to the bloodstream

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86
Q

lymph

A

made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. Lymph is a clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins. It plays essential roles in the lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with the immune system

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87
Q

lymphatic circulatory system

A

often referred to as the secondary circulatory system; works with blood circulatory system

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88
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. These cells separate briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward

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89
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into this; located deeper within the tissues. Like veins, lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph

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90
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein. The subclavian vein is the proximal part of the main vein of the arm

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91
Q

thoracic duct

A

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs. The thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein

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92
Q

lymph node

A

contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens; small and bean sized

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93
Q

Cervical lymph nodes

A

located along the sides of the neck

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94
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

located under the arms in the area known as the armpits

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95
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes

A

located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen

96
Q

Natural killer cells

A

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

97
Q

B cells

A

also known as B lymphocytes, are specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen.; most effective against viruses and bacteria that are circulating in the blood

98
Q

Plasma cells

A

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens.

99
Q

T cells

A

also known as T lymphocytes, get the T in their name from their origin in the thymus. These lymphocytes play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

100
Q

Cytokines

A

a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

101
Q

Interferons

A

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. Interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

102
Q

Interleukins

A

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

103
Q

tonsils

A

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat; play an important role in the immune system by preventing pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth

104
Q

adenoids

A

known as the nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx

105
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth. Palatine describes the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth

106
Q

lingual tonsils

A

located at the base of the tongue; however, they are not readily visible. Lingual means pertaining to the tongue

107
Q

thymus

A

a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age

108
Q

vermiform appendix

A

commonly referred to as the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine.

109
Q

spleen

A

a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to (below) the diaphragm and posterior to (behind) the stomach; has a hemolytic function

110
Q

allergist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions.

111
Q

immunologist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

112
Q

lymphologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

113
Q

oncologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

114
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

commonly known as swollen glands, is an inflammation of the lymph nodes

115
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

116
Q

lymphangioma

A

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

117
Q

ruptured spleen

A

a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen. Splenorrhagia may result

118
Q

Splenorrhagia

A

bleeding from the spleen

119
Q

Primary lymphedema

A

a hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs. The disorder occurs most frequently in females when the symptoms begin to appear during puberty

120
Q

Secondary lymphedema

A

caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns

121
Q

Bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. It measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb, with abnormally low results showing a buildup of lymph. If this condition can be diagnosed with this technique at an early stage, there is hope that it will not develop any further

122
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-producing microorganisms

123
Q

toxin

A

poisonous or harmful substances

124
Q

Malignant cells

A

potentially life-threatening cancer cells

125
Q

intact skin

A

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body. Intact means that there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin. The skin is also covered with an acid mantle that makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

126
Q

respiratory system

A

traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the respiratory system. The tonsils form a protective ring around the entrance to the throat. If foreign matter gets past these barriers, coughing and sneezing help expel it from the respiratory system

127
Q

digestive system

A

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food.

128
Q

lymphatic system

A

specialized leukocytes (white blood cells) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

129
Q

antigen–antibody reaction

A

also known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. The immune system immediately responds to the presence of any antigen

130
Q

Tolerance

A

an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. The term is also used to describe a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use

131
Q

antibody

A

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

132
Q

Phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen–antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

133
Q

Monocytes

A

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. Macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter into the tissue. Monocytes replenish macrophages and dendritic cells

134
Q

macrophage

A

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

135
Q

Dendritic cells

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs it, swallows it, and alerts B and T cells to act against this specific antigen

136
Q

complement system

A

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

137
Q

Immunity

A

the state of being resistant to a specific disease. This resistance can be present naturally, or it can be acquired

138
Q

Natural immunity

A

also known as passive immunity, is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease. Natural immunity is present at birth, and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby

139
Q

Acquired immunity

A

obtained by having had a contagious disease. Being vaccinated against a contagious disease provides protection against that disease, such as measles or polio, without having been exposed to the risk of actually having the disease

140
Q

vaccine

A

a preparation containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened

141
Q

Vaccination

A

provides protection against the disease; however, for some conditions a periodic booster is required to maintain the effectiveness of the immunization

142
Q

allergic reaction

A

occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invade

143
Q

allergy

A

also known as hypersensitivity, is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.

144
Q

localized allergic response

A

also known as a cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

145
Q

anaphylaxis

A

anaphylactic shock, is a severe response to an allergen

146
Q

scratch test

A

a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed

147
Q

allergen-specific immunoglobulin E

A

blood test is sometimes used to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance

148
Q

Antihistamines

A

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-borne pollens, and other types of allergies. Antihistamines work by preventing the effects of histamine, which is a substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction

149
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

also known as an autoimmune disease, is any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

150
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

affects joints and connective tissues

151
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

affects nerve and muscle synapses

152
Q

pernicious anemia

A

affects the red blood cells

153
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

affects the intestines, ileum, or the colon

154
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

affects the brain and spinal cord

155
Q

scleroderma

A

affects the skin and connective tissues

156
Q

Graves’ disease

A

affects the thyroid gland

157
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when the immune response is compromised

158
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections. Although the condition is rare, it is now normally part of infants’ newborn screening.

159
Q

opportunistic infection

A

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans. However, when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection. Debilitated means weakened by another condition

160
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. This cancer causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin; in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat; or in other organs

161
Q

ELISA

A

the acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, as well as Lyme disease and other infectious conditions

162
Q

western blot test

A

a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. The western blot test is performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive for HIV. This is necessary because the ELISA test sometimes produces a false positive result in which the test erroneously indicates the presence of HIV.

163
Q

Synthetic immunoglobulins

A

also known as immune serum, are used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis. Post-exposure means that the patient has been exposed to the virus, for example, by being bitten by an animal with rabies. The goal of this treatment is to prevent the disease from developing by providing temporary immunity

164
Q

Synthetic interferon

A

used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers

165
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. These artificially produced antibodies are used to enhance the patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer

166
Q

Immunosuppression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

167
Q

immunosuppressant

A

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response. This medication is administered to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

168
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.

169
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

a medication that kills or damages cells

170
Q

microorganism

A

a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope

171
Q

Pathogenic

A

capable of producing disease

172
Q

Anthrax

A

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with Bacillus anthracis. Spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare

173
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.

174
Q

Lyme disease

A

transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has had contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.; Symptoms of Lyme disease include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash known as erythema migrans. If untreated, Lyme disease can spread to the joints, heart, and nervous system. Syphilis is also caused by spirochetes

175
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

also known as staph aureus, is a form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning

176
Q

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug. As more and more bacteria become resistant to first-line antibiotics, the consequences are severe because the illness lasts longer, and the risk of complications and death increases

177
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

A

ommonly known as MRSA, is one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics; The first symptom of MRSA looks like small, red bumps with a black top. These bumps soon become abscesses that require immediate care; MRSA infections are serious, difficult to treat, can be fatal, and often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry. These infections are becoming increasingly present in the general population.

178
Q

fungus

A

a simple parasitic organism

179
Q

Tinea pedis

A

commonly known as athlete’s foot, is a fungal infection that develops between the toes

180
Q

Yeast

A

a type of fungus

181
Q

candidiasis

A

also known as a yeast infection; Yeast infections occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Oral thrush is a yeast infection that occurs in the mouth, whereas vaginal candidiasis occurs in the vagina

182
Q

Viruses

A

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invading the cell, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses. These viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process

183
Q

Ebola

A

a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus. Ebola can only be transmitted when symptoms are present. Early symptoms, which usually appear within 21 days of exposure, include high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Late symptoms include massive internal bleeding and organ failure

184
Q

Influenza

A

commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics. Flu symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle aches, cough, runny nose, and fatigue. Complications can include pneumonia. A vaccine is available annually to protect against the most common strains of influenza.

185
Q

Measles

A

an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus. Symptoms include a red, itchy rash over the entire body, a high fever, runny nose, and coughing. Serious complications of measles can include photophobia, which is a severe sensitivity to light

186
Q

Mumps

A

an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears. In adults, mumps can also cause painful swelling of the ovaries or testicles.

187
Q

Rubella

A

also known as German measles or three-day measles, is a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long-lasting, rubella is serious in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus

188
Q

Rabies

A

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal. An infected animal is said to be rabid

189
Q

West Nile virus

A

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. A mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms. A more severe variety spreads to the spinal cord and brain

190
Q

Postherpetic neuralgia

A

a complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged during the outbreak. The resulting pain can be severe and persistent

191
Q

bactericide

A

a substance that causes the death of bacteria

192
Q

bacteriostatic

A

agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria

193
Q

antiviral drug

A

used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

194
Q

tumor

A

also known as a neoplasm; an abnormal growth of body tissue. Within this mass, the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive.

195
Q

benign tumor

A

not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening

196
Q

Angiogenesis

A

the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

197
Q

Antiangiogenesis

A

a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

198
Q

Cancer

A

a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing

199
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

200
Q

Hard-tissue sarcomas

A

arise from bone or cartilage like an osteosarcoma

201
Q

Soft-tissue sarcomas

A

cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints

202
Q

synovial sarcoma

A

a tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows.

203
Q

Liquid-tissue sarcomas

A

arise from blood and lymph

204
Q

leukemia

A

a cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow

205
Q

Staging

A

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient’s prognosis

206
Q

Breast cancer

A

carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites; The majority of all breast cancers are ER-positive, which means that they grow in response to the hormone estrogen; BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (BReast CAncer 1 and 2) are abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and certain other cancers. These genes are often a factor in inherited cancers

207
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

A

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct. At this stage, the cure rate is nearly 100%

208
Q

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)

A

starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct. This is the most common form of breast cancer.

209
Q

inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

A

rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast. IBC grows rapidly, and the symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or a rash on the breast, and swelling of nearby lymph nodes.

210
Q

Male breast cancer

A

can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men.

211
Q

Breast self-examination

A

a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer. The focus of self-examination is checking for a new lump or for changes in an existing lump, the shape of the nipple, or the skin covering the breast.

212
Q

Palpation of the breast

A

a test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

213
Q

Mammography

A

a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

214
Q

Molecular breast imaging (MBI)

A

a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue.

215
Q

Ultrasound

A

often used as an initial follow-up test when an abnormality is found by mammography

216
Q

breast MRI

A

uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer or to look for signs of cancer in patients at high risk

217
Q

needle breast biopsy

A

a technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and the planning of treatment

218
Q

surgical biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis. After a diagnosis has been established, treatment is then planned based on the stage of the cancer.

219
Q

sentinel node biopsy

A

biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body

220
Q

Lymph node dissection

A

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area.

221
Q

axillary lymph node dissection

A

sometimes performed as part of the surgical treatment of the breast.

222
Q

lumpectomy

A

the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

223
Q

mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

224
Q

radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues.

225
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

226
Q

Immediate breast reconstruction

A

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an “expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed.

227
Q

Delayed breast reconstruction

A

may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment. Several different techniques are used to restore the size and shape of the missing breast.

228
Q

Chemotherapy

A

he use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

229
Q

Chemoprevention

A

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur. Chemoprevention may also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor.

230
Q

antineoplastic

A

a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

231
Q

Cytotoxic drugs

A

also used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

232
Q

radiation therapy

A

used in the treatment of some cancers

233
Q

Brachytherapy

A

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

234
Q

Tomotherapy

A

the combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated; In this type of therapy, radiation is delivered slice by slice to the tumor and is able to avoid healthy tissue

235
Q

Targeted therapy

A

a developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.

236
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

sometimes used after the primary cancer treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur. The term adjuvant refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug; however, adjuvant treatments for cancer can also include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy.

237
Q

Clinical trials

A

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on patients who agree to be part of the research

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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