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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

pen/i , phall/i

A

Penis; Used for sexual intercourse and urination.

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2
Q

orch/o , orchid/o , test/i , test/o

A

testicles; Produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.

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3
Q

oophor/o , ovari/o

A

ovaries; Produce ova (eggs) and female hormones.

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4
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tubes; Catch the mature ovum (egg) and transport it to the uterus. Also the site of fertilization.

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5
Q

hyster/o , metr/o , metri/o , uter/o

A

uterus; Protects and supports the developing child.

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6
Q

vagin/o , colp/o

A

vagina; Used for sexual intercourse, acts as channel for menstrual flow, and functions as the birth canal.

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7
Q

placent/o

A

placenta; Exchanges nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus during pregnancy.

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8
Q

cervic/o

A

Cervix (neck of uterus).

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9
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant

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10
Q

gynec/o

A

female or woman

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11
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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12
Q

men/o

A

menstruation, menses

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13
Q

ov/o

A

egg, ovum

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14
Q

ovari/o

A

ovary

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15
Q

-para

A

to give birth

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16
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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17
Q

abruptio placentae

A

A disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus.

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18
Q

amenorrhea

A

The abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more.

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19
Q

amniocentesis (AMN)

A

A surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotic fluid.

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20
Q

andropause

A

The decrease of the male hormone testosterone.

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21
Q

Apgar score

A

A scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant’s physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

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22
Q

azoospermia

A

The absence of sperm in the semen.

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23
Q

cervical dysplasia

A

The presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix.

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24
Q

cervicitis

A

inflammation of the cervix

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25
Q

chlamydia

A

A sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

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26
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

A diagnostic test to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus.

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27
Q

colostrum

A

The specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest.

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28
Q

colpopexy

A

The surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure.

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29
Q

colporrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina.

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30
Q

colposcopy

A

Direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina.

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31
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

Pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period.

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32
Q

eclampsia

A

A more serious form of preeclampsia that is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma.

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33
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

A condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus; also known as an extrauterine pregnancy.

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34
Q

endocervicitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix.

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35
Q

endometriosis

A

A condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity.

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36
Q

epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis.

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37
Q

episiotomy

A

A surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery and prevent laceration of the tissues.

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38
Q

fibroadenoma

A

A round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast.

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39
Q

fibrocystic breast disease

A

The presence of single or multiple benign cysts located in the breasts.

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40
Q

galactorrhea

A

The production of breast milk in women who are not breastfeeding.

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41
Q

gonorrhea

A

A highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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42
Q

hematospermia

A

The presence of blood in the seminal fluid.

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43
Q

hydrocele

A

A fluid-filled sac in the scrotum that is located along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles.

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44
Q

hypomenorrhea

A

An unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period.

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45
Q

hysterectomy

A

The surgical removal of the uterus.

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46
Q

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

A

A radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the instillation of radiopaque material

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47
Q

hysteroscopy (HYS)

A

The direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

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48
Q

leukorrhea

A

A profuse whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina.

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49
Q

mastalgia

A

Pain in the breast; also known as mastodynia.

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50
Q

mastopexy

A

A surgical procedure to affix sagging breasts into a more elevated position.

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51
Q

menarche

A

The beginning of the menstrual function at puberty.

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52
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

Excessive uterine bleeding occurring both at the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals.

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53
Q

neonate

A

A newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth.

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54
Q

nulligravida

A

A woman who has never been pregnant.

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55
Q

nullipara

A

A woman who has never borne a viable child.

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56
Q

obstetrician

A

A physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter.

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57
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

Infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods.

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58
Q

oophorectomy

A

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

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59
Q

orchidectomy

A

The surgical removal of one or both testicles; also known as an orchiectomy.

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60
Q

orchiopexy

A

Endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum.

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61
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy.

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62
Q

perimenopause

A

The transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all.

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63
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

A form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection.

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64
Q

placenta previa

A

The abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus.

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65
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A

A condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles.

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66
Q

preeclampsia

A

A complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria.

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67
Q

priapism

A

A painful erection that lasts 4 or more hours and is not accompanied by sexual excitement.

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68
Q

primigravida

A

A woman during her first pregnancy.

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69
Q

primipara

A

A woman who has borne one viable child.

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70
Q

pruritus vulvae

A

Severe itching of the external female genitalia.

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71
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy

A

The surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary.

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72
Q

syphilis

A

A sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

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73
Q

trichomoniasis

A

A sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.

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74
Q

uterine prolapse

A

The condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina.

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75
Q

varicocele

A

A knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum.

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76
Q

vasovasostomy

A

A procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male; also known as a vasectomy reversal.

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77
Q

genitalia

A

are the organs of reproduction and their associated structures; external and internal

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78
Q

perineum

A

the external surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx.; male and female

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79
Q

scrotum

A

the sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles.

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80
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

sperm formed within these

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81
Q

epididymis

A

a coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle. This tube runs down the length of the testicle, then turns upward toward the body. Here, it narrows to form the tube known as the vas deferens.

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82
Q

spermatic cord

A

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle. Each cord contains a vas deferens plus the arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels required by each testicle.

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83
Q

Sperm

A

also known as spermatozoa, are the male gametes

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84
Q

Semen

A

the whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement. The term ejaculate means to expel suddenly.

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85
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

the process of sperm formation

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86
Q

glans penis

A

also known as the head of the penis, is the sensitive region located at the tip of the penis

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87
Q

foreskin

A

also known as the prepuce, is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis.

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88
Q

vas deferens

A

also known as the ductus deferens, are the long, narrow continuations of each epididymis. These structures lead upward and eventually join the urethra

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89
Q

seminal vesicles

A

glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells. This secretion forms 60% of the volume of semen. These glands are located at the base of the urinary bladder and open into the vas deferens as it joins the urethra.

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90
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

which begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra. During ejaculation, a reflex action caused by these ducts, semen passes into the urethra, which exits the body via the penis.

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91
Q

prostate gland

A

lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra

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92
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

also known as Cowper’s glands, are located just below the prostate gland. One of these glands is located on either side of the urethra, and they open into the urethra

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93
Q

urethra

A

passes through the penis to the outside of the body. In the male, the urethra serves both the reproductive and the urinary systems.

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94
Q

urologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the genitourinary system of males and the urinary system of females

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95
Q

Balanitis

A

an inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

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96
Q

Phimosis

A

a narrowing of the opening of the foreskin so it cannot be retracted (pulled back) to expose the glans penis. This condition can be present at birth or become apparent during childhood.

97
Q

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

A

also known as impotence, is the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection. A penis that is not erect is referred to as being flaccid, or limp.

98
Q

Premature ejaculation

A

a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before or shortly after penetration of the female.

99
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

also known as an undescended testicle, is a developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

100
Q

Anorchism

A

the congenital absence of one or both testicles

101
Q

spermatocele

A

a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

102
Q

Testicular cancer

A

cancer that begins in the testicles. It is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. This cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early.

103
Q

Testicular torsion

A

a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle.

104
Q

Testitis

A

also known as orchitis, is inflammation of one or both testicles

105
Q

varicocele

A

a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

106
Q

Oligospermia

A

a sperm count of below 20 million/mL

107
Q

Sperm count

A

also known as a sperm analysis, is the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm.

108
Q

Testicular self-examination

A

a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum.

109
Q

Circumcision

A

the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis. This optional procedure is usually performed within a few days of birth.

110
Q

varicocelectomy

A

the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele

111
Q

Sterilization

A

any procedure rendering an individual (male or female) incapable of reproduction

112
Q

Castration

A

also known as bilateral orchidectomy, is the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles.

113
Q

vasectomy

A

the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed

114
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

A

also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections caused by either bacteria or a virus that affects both males and females. These conditions are commonly spread through sexual intercourse or other genital contact.

115
Q

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

A

a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina

116
Q

Genital herpes

A

caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2. Symptoms include itching or burning before the appearance of lesions (sores) on the genitals or rectum. This condition is highly contagious, even when visible lesions are not present. Antiviral drugs ease symptoms and can suppress future outbreaks; however, currently there is no cure.

117
Q

Genital warts

A

caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), are highly contagious. In the male, this virus infects the urethra. In the female, it infects the external genitalia, cervix, and vagina. It also increases the risk of cervical cancer. An HPV vaccine is available to prevent the spread of this disease. It is recommended that it be administered to all boys and girls at ages 11 or 12. Young women can be vaccinated through age 26, and young men through age 21.

118
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner.

119
Q

mons pubis

A

rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis

120
Q

vulva

A

consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin’s glands, and vaginal orifice.

121
Q

The labia majora and labia minora

A

the vaginal lips that protect the other external genitalia and the urethral meatus

122
Q

clitoris

A

an organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the urethral meatus and the vaginal orifice

123
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina. These two small, round glands are located on either side of the vaginal orifice

124
Q

vaginal orifice

A

the exterior opening of the vagina.

125
Q

hymen

A

a thin mucous membrane that partially covers this opening and can be torn either during the first instance of intercourse or other activity.

126
Q

follicle

A

a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg). There are thousands of these sacs on the inside surface of the ovaries.

127
Q

infundibulum

A

the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary.

128
Q

fimbriae

A

the fringed, finger-like extensions of this opening. Their role is to catch the mature ovum when it leaves the ovary

129
Q

anteflexion

A

body of the uterus is bent forward in normal position

130
Q

fundus

A

the bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes.

131
Q

corpus

A

also known as the body of the uterus, is the middle portion.

132
Q

perimetrium

A

also known as the uterine serosa, is the tough, membranous outer layer

133
Q

myometrium

A

is the muscular middle layer

134
Q

endometrium

A

the inner layer, and it consists of specialized epithelial mucosa that is rich in blood vessels

135
Q

vagina

A

the muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body.

136
Q

Menstruation

A

also known as menses, is the normal periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus. The average menstrual cycle consists of 28 days

137
Q

Menopause

A

the normal termination of menstruation in a woman during middle age

138
Q

Ovulation

A

the release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 13th or 14th day of a woman’s menstrual cycle.

139
Q

corpus luteum

A

secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle. This maintains the growth of the uterine lining in preparation for the fertilized egg.

140
Q

coitus

A

also known as sexual intercourse or copulation, the male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female’s vagina. The sperm travel upward through the vagina, into the uterus, and on into the fallopian tubes.

141
Q

Conception

A

occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum. This union, which is the beginning of a new life, forms a single cell known as a zygote

142
Q

embryo

A

From implantation through the 8th week of pregnancy, the developing baby

143
Q

fetus

A

From the 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth, the baby in utero

144
Q

Fraternal twins

A

result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells. These develop into two separate embryos

145
Q

Identical twins

A

formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos.

146
Q

multiples

A

used to describe a birth involving more than two infants.

147
Q

chorion

A

the thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo. It contributes to the formation of the placenta

148
Q

afterbirth

A

After delivery of the newborn, the placenta and fetal membranes are expelled as this

149
Q

amniotic sac

A

which is also known as the amnion, is the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus

150
Q

amniotic cavity

A

the developing embryo is surrounded by this

151
Q

Amnionic fluid

A

the liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements.

152
Q

umbilical cord

A

the tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing baby. It also transports waste from the fetus to be disposed of through the mother’s excretory system. This cord is cut soon after the birth of the infant and before the delivery of the placenta.

153
Q

navel

A

also known as the belly button, is formed where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus.

154
Q

Gestation

A

lasts approximately 280 days (40 weeks), is the period of development of the baby in the mother’s uterus. Upon completion of this developmental time, the fetus is described as being at term and should be ready for birth

155
Q

pregnancy

A

often used interchangeably with gestation, means the condition of having a developing baby in the uterus.

156
Q

due date

A

estimated date of confinement (EDC), is calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). Confinement is an old-fashioned term describing the time when a period of rest for the mother followed childbirth.

157
Q

Quickening

A

the first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother. This usually occurs during the 16th to 20th week of pregnancy.

158
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses. These contractions are not true labor pains and are usually infrequent, irregular, and essentially painless. They are named after British doctor John Braxton Hicks, who first described them in 1872.

159
Q

viable

A

fetus is capable of living outside of the womb

160
Q

antepartum

A

refers to the final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor.

161
Q

Multiparous

A

a woman who has given birth two or more times

162
Q

Labor and delivery (L & D)

A

also known as childbirth or parturition, occurs in three stages. The stages of labor and delivery are as follows:

Dilation

Delivery of the baby

Expulsion of the afterbirth

163
Q

dilation

A

the first (and longest) stage of labor

164
Q

Effacement

A

the process by which the cervix prepares for delivery as it gradually softens, shortens, and becomes thinner

165
Q

Fetal monitoring

A

the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor.

166
Q

Cephalic presentation

A

when the baby is coming head first

167
Q

postpartum

A

means after childbirth

168
Q

Puerperium

A

the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery. By the end of this period, most of the changes in the mother’s body due to pregnancy have resolved, and the body has reverted to the nonpregnant state.

169
Q

Lochia

A

the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth

170
Q

Uterine involution

A

the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery. Involution means the return of an enlarged organ to its normal size.

171
Q

Colostrum

A

a specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest. Colostrum is produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and during the first few days after giving birth.

172
Q

Lactation

A

the process of forming and secreting milk from the breasts as nourishment for the infant. The breast milk develops a few days after giving birth to replace the colostrum.

173
Q

neonate

A

The newborn infant is known as this during the first 4 weeks after birth.

174
Q

Vernix

A

a greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth.

175
Q

Meconium

A

the greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn.

176
Q

gynecologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

177
Q

infertility specialist

A

also known as a fertility specialist, helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy.

178
Q

Anovulation

A

the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected

179
Q

Oophoritis

A

inflammation of an ovary

180
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

originates within the cells of the ovaries. These cancer cells can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

181
Q

Pyosalpinx

A

an accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube

182
Q

Salpingitis

A

an inflammation of a fallopian tub

183
Q

Endometrial cancer

A

involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus. One of the earliest symptoms of this cancer that frequently occurs after menopause is abnormal bleeding from the uterus.

184
Q

uterine fibroid

A

also known as a myoma, is a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

185
Q

Cervical cancer

A

a slow-growing squamous cell cancer. It is caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), which can now usually be prevented through vaccination. Cervical cancer can be detected early through routine Pap smears.

186
Q

Colporrhexis

A

means tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall

187
Q

Dyspareunia

A

pain during sexual intercourse

188
Q

Vaginal atrophy

A

a decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes. It affects about half of all postmenopausal women and can be treated with moisturizers or estrogen therapy.

189
Q

Vaginal candidiasis

A

also known as a yeast infection, is a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans. The growth of this fungus is usually controlled by bacteria normally present in the vagina. Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis include burning, itching, and a “cottage cheese-like” vaginal discharge.

190
Q

Vaginismus

A

an involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina

191
Q

Vaginitis

A

an inflammation of the lining of the vagina

192
Q

Vulvodynia

A

a painful syndrome of unknown cause

193
Q

Vulvitis

A

an inflammation of the vulva

194
Q

Mastitis

A

a breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue, most frequently during breastfeeding

195
Q

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

A

a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding, often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes

196
Q

Hypermenorrhea

A

also known as menorrhagia, is an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days

197
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

198
Q

Premature menopause

A

a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal. This causes infertility and often brings on menopausal symptoms.

199
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation. These symptoms can include bloating, swelling, headaches, mood swings, and breast discomfort.

200
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle. Symptoms occur regularly in the second half of the cycle and end when menstruation begins or shortly thereafter.

201
Q

abortion

A

the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable. A spontaneous abortion, also known as a miscarriage, usually occurs early in the pregnancy and is due to an abnormality or genetic disorder.

202
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A

form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

203
Q

Infertility

A

the inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.

204
Q

HELLP syndrome

A

a life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. It occurs in 10–20% of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia and can occur during the third trimester of pregnancy or after delivery. Treatment includes delivery of the fetus and careful monitoring to prevent serious maternal complications including hemorrhage and death.

205
Q

Rh factor

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells. The Rh factor can cause difficulties when an Rh negative (Rh–) mother is pregnant with an Rh positive (Rh+) baby. If a small amount of the baby’s blood enters the mother’s bloodstream, she can develop antibodies in an allergic response.

206
Q

Breech presentation

A

occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head.

207
Q

premature infant

A

also known as a preemie, is a fetus born before the 37th week of gestation.

208
Q

stillbirth

A

the birth of a fetus that died before or during delivery

209
Q

Postpartum depression

A

a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth. One cause of this depression is the rapid change in the hormone levels that occurs after giving birth. When the depression is severe, treatment is required.

210
Q

endometrial biopsy

A

a small amount of the tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination. This test is most often used to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding.

211
Q

Endovaginal ultrasound

A

performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding. This test is performed by placing an ultrasound transducer in the vagina so that the sound waves can create images of the uterus and ovaries.

212
Q

Hysterosalpingography

A

a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes

213
Q

Pap smear

A

an exfoliative biopsy of the cervix. It is performed to detect conditions that can be early indicators of cervical cancer

214
Q

pregnancy test

A

performed to detect an unusually high level of the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone in either a blood or urine specimen, which is usually an indication of pregnancy. A home pregnancy test uses a urine specimen, whereas a pregnancy test based on a blood specimen at a doctor’s office usually provides more reliable results.

215
Q

First trimester screening

A

also known as combined screening, is performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and a finger-stick blood test. The combined results of these two measurements, plus the mother’s age, detect if the fetus is at increased risk for Down syndrome

216
Q

Pelvimetry

A

a radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal

217
Q

contraceptive

A

a measure taken to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy.

218
Q

diaphragm

A

a barrier contraceptive that prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg

219
Q

intrauterine device (IUD)

A

a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy

220
Q

condom

A

will also prevent pregnancy when used correctly. It is the only contraceptive method mentioned here that will also prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

221
Q

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

the use of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause

222
Q

salpingectomy

A

the surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes

223
Q

Tubal ligation

A

a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum.

224
Q

Conization

A

also known as a cone biopsy, is the surgical removal of a cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix. This is performed as a diagnostic procedure or to remove abnormal tissue.

225
Q

Dilation and curettage

A

commonly known as a D & C, is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away. This can be performed as a diagnostic or a treatment procedure. Dilation means the expansion of an opening. Curettage is the removal of material from the surface by scraping with an instrument known as a curette.

226
Q

myomectomy

A

the surgical removal of uterine fibroids

227
Q

total hysterectomy

A

also known as a complete hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. This procedure can be performed through the vagina or laparoscopically through the abdomen

228
Q

radical hysterectomy

A

also known as a bilateral hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy, is most commonly performed to treat uterine cancer; This procedure includes the surgical removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes, the uterus and cervix, plus nearby lymph nodes. If this surgery is performed before natural menopause, the patient immediately experiences surgical menopause.

229
Q

Mammoplasty

A

a general term for a cosmetic operation on the breasts

230
Q

Breast augmentation

A

mammoplasty performed to increase breast size, often for cosmetic reasons. Augmentation means the process of adding to make larger. Breast augmentation is the opposite of breast reduction.

231
Q

Breast reduction

A

mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts. Breast reduction, which is sometimes done to relieve back and neck pain, is the opposite of breast augmentation.

232
Q

cesarean section (CS)

A

also known as a C-section, is the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls. This is usually performed when a vaginal birth would be unsafe for either the mother or baby.

233
Q

VBAC

A

the acronym used to describe vaginal birth after a cesarean.

234
Q

episiorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy

235
Q

incubator

A

an apparatus for maintaining an environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration for a premature or ill newborn

236
Q

assisted reproductive technology (ART)

A

describes techniques used to aid an infertile couple in achieving a viable pregnancy.

237
Q

Artificial insemination

A

also called intrauterine insemination (IUI), is a technique in which sperm from a woman’s partner or from a donor are introduced into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle.

238
Q

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized. The resulting embryos are transferred into the uterus with the hope that they will implant and continue to develop as a normal pregnancy. In vitro means in an artificial environment such as a test tube.

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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