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Neurobiology > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the biogenic amines?

A
  1. dopamine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. epinephrine
  4. serotonin
  5. histamine
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2
Q

the nicotinic Ach receptor type?

A

ionotropic

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3
Q

the nicotinic Ach receptor at the neuromuscular junction is sensitive to which toxin produced by the kreit fish?

A

alpha-bungarotoxin

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4
Q

muscarinic Ach receptor type

A

metabotropic

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5
Q

muscarinic Ach receptor number of domains

A

7 helical membrane spanning domains

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6
Q

what are the ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A
  1. AMPA - larger
  2. NMDA - slower and longer
  3. Kainate - rise quick decay slow
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7
Q

AMPA receptor characteristics

A
  • 4 subunits
  • Y shaped
  • tetrameric
  • clam shaped ligand binding domain that shuts when binding occurs
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8
Q

NMDA receptor characteristics

A
  • pore allows entry of Ca, K, Na
  • Mg2+ blocks pore at hyperpolarized potentials
  • gating requires co agonist glycine
  • 2 glutamate binding subunits and 2 glycine binding subunits
  • clamshell ligan binding domain
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9
Q

how many classes of metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A

3

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10
Q

characteristics of metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A
  • transmembrane x 7

- dimers of 2 subunits w venus flytrap domain attached by cysteine linker

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11
Q

GABA/ Glycine are inhibitory or excitatory usually?

A

inhibitory

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12
Q

enzyme that creates GABA

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) - requires cofactor in vitamin B6

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13
Q

2 types of GABA receptors and type of each

A
  • GABAa = ionotropic

- GABAb = metabotropic

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14
Q

GABAa characteristics:

A
  • main permeant ion = Cl-
  • pentamers: 2 alpha, 2 beta, 1 gamma
  • binds benzodiazepines (anxiety reducing), barbiturates, ethanol, and ketamine
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15
Q

GABAb characteristics

A
  • works by activation of K+ and channels and blockages of Ca2+ channels
  • heterodimers of B1 and B2 subunits
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16
Q

GABA main precursor

A

glucose

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17
Q

Glycine main precursor

A

serine by hydroxymethyltransferase

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18
Q

how is GABA activity terminated?

A

converted to succinate and led to TCA

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19
Q

how is glutamate activity terminated?

A

by excitatory amino acid transporters

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20
Q

glycine activity terminated by

A

glycine transporters

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21
Q

glycine receptor characteristics?

A
  • pentamers, mix of 4 alpha and accessory beta
  • blocked by strychnine
  • ligand gated Cl- channels (ionotropic)
  • Cl - inhibitory
22
Q

the 3 catecholamines

A
  1. dopamine
  2. norepinephrine
  3. epinephrine
23
Q

location of dopamine

A

corpus striatum

24
Q

cause of Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra

25
Q

dopamine involved in what behaviors

A

motivation, reward, reinforcement

26
Q

how is dopamine removed from cleft?

A

uptake by Na+ dependent transporter DAT

27
Q

how does cocaine exert its effects?

A

inhibits DAT, no reuptake of dopamine

28
Q

what do amphetamines do?

A

inhibit DAT (no dopamine reuptake) and norepinephrine transporter (NET)

29
Q

what type of receptors are activated by dopamine?

A

G protein coupled

30
Q

Norepinephrine location

A

locus coeruleus with forebrain targets

31
Q

norepinephrine involved in what behaviors

A

sleep and wake, arousal, attention, feeding

32
Q

how is norepinephrine removed from cleft?

A

by norepinephrine transporter

33
Q

type of receptor for norepinephrine

A

G protein coupled alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

34
Q

epinephrine location

A

lateral segmental system and medulla

35
Q

epinephrine involved in:

A

respiration and cardiac function

36
Q

receptor type for epinephrine

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

37
Q

histamine location and involved in…

A

hypothalamus, arousal and attention, vestibular system, allergies

38
Q

receptors for histamine

A

4 metabotropic receptors

39
Q

serotonin location and involvement in….

A

raphe region of pons and upper brainstem, sleep and wake

40
Q

serotonin removed from cleft by:

A

serotonin transporter (SERT)

41
Q

many antidepressant drugs act on which transporter

A

serotonin transporter SERT

42
Q

LSD mechanism

A

causes hallucinations by activation of many types of metabotropic receptors

43
Q

ATP is released as a co transmitter in some instances and is removed from cleft how?

A

by enzymes that degrade it to adenosine

44
Q

3 classes of purinergic receptors

A
  • P2X receptors - ionotropic

- 2 types of G protein coupled receptors

45
Q

5 categories of peptide neurotransmitters

A
  1. brain gut peptides
  2. pituitary peptides
  3. opioid peptides
  4. hypothalamic releasing hormones
  5. not easily classified
46
Q

what is substance P ?

A

a brain gut peptide, that is a hypotensive agent, found in neocortex, hippocampus, GI tract

47
Q

3 categories of opioid receptors

A
  1. endorphins
  2. enkephalins
  3. dynorphins
48
Q

all neuropeptides use what kinds of receptor?

A

G protein coupled

49
Q

receptor for endocannabinoids

A

CB1 receptor - G protein coupled

50
Q

what is nitric oxide?

A

an unconventional neurotransmitter that is a gas signal and a 2nd messenger

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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