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Neuro for PT > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is somatosensation?

A

sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal system

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2
Q

what is somatosensation 2 ? what type of sensations?

A

information from the skin is superficial, touch pain temperature, or cutaneous

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3
Q

information from the musculoskeletal system includes what types of information?

A

proprioception and pain

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4
Q

how does information in the somatosensory system go?

A

from the receptor, through a series of neurons to the brain

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5
Q

what determines the speed of information processing?

A

diameter of the axons
degree of axonal myelination
number of synapses in the pathway

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6
Q

is there a distinction between sensory information and sensation?

A

YES.

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7
Q

what is sensory information?

A

nerve impulses generated from the original stimuli

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8
Q

what is sensation?

A

awareness of stimuli from the senses.

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9
Q

what are sensory receptors?

A

specialized and they respond only to a specific type of stimulus, adequate stimulus and under NORMAL conditions

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10
Q

what are mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch or vibration

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11
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

they are substances released by cells, including damaged cells after injury or infection

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12
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

they transmit information regarding heat or cold

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13
Q

what are nociceptors

A

they are a subset of somatosensory receptors

the stimulation results in the sensation of PAIN

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14
Q

what are somatosensory peripheral neurons? how many axons?

A

peripheral sensory neurons have two axons

distal and proximal

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15
Q

how are the afferent somatosensory peripheral neurons classified?

A

by axon diameter…

Ia, Ib, II, or Ab Ad C

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16
Q

do larger diameter axons tramsit information faster or slower than smaller diameter axons

A

FASTER

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17
Q

How does cutaneous innervation work?

A

areas of skin innervated by each neuron are indicated ont he surface of the skin.

size of the area from a single neuron determines how specificly someone can pinpoint small touches.

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18
Q

WHere are receptive fields smaller in the body?

A

distally

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19
Q

where are receptor fields larger in the body?

A

proximally

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20
Q

why are distal receptive fields smaller?

A

because they have a greater density of receptors than proximal areas

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21
Q

what are two ways to categorize touch

A

fine or coarse

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22
Q

what is fine touch?

A

fine touch includes a variety of receptors and subsensations

23
Q

what is coarse touch?

A

it is mediated by free endings throuhout the skin

24
Q

what do cutaneous receptors respond to?

A 
touch
pressure
vibration
stretch
noxious
stimuli
temperature
25
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A

sensory organs in muscle

26
Q

what does a muscle spindle include?

A

y efferents
nuclear chain fibers
nuclear bag fibers
primary and secondary endings

27
Q

how is sensory information conveyed to the CNS from muscles?

A

by Ia and II afferents

28
Q

what allows efferent control of intrafusal fibers?

A

gamma motor neurons

29
Q

What are golgi tendon organs and joint receptors??

A

Sensation???? free nerve endings and pacinoiform corpuscles and ruffini endings??/

30
Q

what do muscle spindles respond to?

A

quick and prolonged stretches of the muscles

31
Q

what do tendon organs do?

A

signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon

32
Q

what do joint receptors do?

A

respond to the mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments

33
Q

what is high fidelity transmission?

A

provides accurate details regarding the location of the stimulation

34
Q

when talking about pathways what do we consider?

A

only neurons with long axons that connect distant regions of the nervous system projection neurons are counted

35
Q

what is a tract?

A

a bundle of axons with the same origin and common termination

36
Q

how are somatosensory pathways named?

A

their origin and termination of the tract that contains the second neuron in the series

37
Q

what are the tree types of pathways that bring sensory information to the brain?

A

concious relay
divergent
unconcious relay

38
Q

what is concious relay pathway?

A

transmit information to many locations in the brainstem, and cerebrum and use pathways with varying numbers of neurons

39
Q

is information in conscious relay pathways transmittedwith high or low fidelity?

A

high fidelity

40
Q

what do conscious relay pathways allow individuals to do?

A

make fine distinctions about stimuli

41
Q

what are divergent pathways?

A

information is transmitted to many locations in the brainstem and cerebrum and use pathways with varying numbers of neurons

sensory information is used at both the concious and unconcious levels

42
Q

what is an example of a divergent pathway?

A

aching pain

43
Q

what is unconcious relay pathway?

A

unconcious proprioceptive and other movement related information carried to the cerebellum

information plays an essential role in automatic adjustments of movements and posture

44
Q

what are concious relay pathways to the cerebral cortex?

A

all four types of somatosensation reach concious awareness

45
Q

pathways to consciousness travel upward in the spinal cord via two routes. what are these two routes?

A

dorsal columns

anterolateral tracts

46
Q

what is discriminative touch ?

A

discrimitive touch is the localization of touch and vibration and the ability to discriminate between two closely spaced points touching the skin

47
Q

what is conscious prorioception?

A

the awareness of the movements and relative position of body parts

48
Q

what is stereognosis?

A

the ability to use touch and proprioceptive information to identify an object, for example a key in the hand but you dont look at it but you know its a key

49
Q

what is the patway for discriminitive touch and conscious prorpiception look like?

A

three neuron relay

50
Q

what are they tree neurons in the three neuron reyal for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception?

A

primary secondary and tertiary

51
Q

what do primary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?

A

conveys information from the receptors to the medulla

52
Q

what do secondary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?

A

convey information from the medulla to the thalamus

53
Q

what do tertiary neurons in the pathway for discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception do?

A

convey information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

54
Q

stopped at slide 24 on kingsbury slides

A

stopped at slide 24 on kingsbury slides may com eback

Neuro for PT (4 decks)

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