Chapter 6 & 7 - Long-term memory

Question 1

Three ways to distinguish between different types of memory

Answer 1

We will do this by considering the results of
(1)behavioral experiments,
(2)neuropsychological studies of the effects of brain damage on memory, and
(3)brain imaging experiments.

Question 2

serial position curve - whose experiment does this stem from? What is the experiment? What two things do the results indicate?

Answer 2

Murdock

a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list

indicates primacy effect and recency effect

Question 3

primacy effect - what is it and what does it indicate?

Answer 3

memory is better for words at the beginning of the list

rehearsal - encoding into LTM

Question 4

recency effect - what is it and what does it indicate?

Answer 4

most recent info is likely to be the first remembered -

STM encoding

Question 5

what would happen if you had to count backwards during the serial position curve experiment?

Answer 5

you would erase the recency effect because those last few words wouldn’t stay in STM but the primacy effect would still occur because the rehearsal encodes them into LTM

Question 6

what do the primacy and recency effects provide evidence for?

Answer 6

separation between STM and LTM

Question 7

Coding

Answer 7

the form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.

Question 8

Examples of visual coding in STM and in LTM

Answer 8

visual coding in STM if you remembered the pattern by representing it visually in your mind

visual coding in LTM when you visualize a person or place from the past

Question 9

Examples of auditory coding in STM and in LTM

Answer 9

Auditory coding in STM is illustrated by Conrad’s demonstration of the phonological similarity effect

Auditory coding occurs in LTM when you “play” a song in your head.

Question 10

Examples of semantic coding in STM and in LTM

Answer 10

semantic coding in STM - Wickens experiment (fruits, professions, etc., word lists):
proactive interference
release from proactive interference - that occurs in the Wickens experiment depends on the words’ categories (fruits and professions)

Semantic coding in LTM - Sachs experiment:
had participants listen to a tape recording of a passage and then measured their recognition memory to determine whether they remembered the exact wording of sentences in the passage or just the general meaning of the passage
The finding that specific wording is forgotten but the general meaning can be remembered for a long time has been confirmed in many experiments

Question 11

Recognition memory

Answer 11

Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented.

Question 12

what is the predominant type of coding in STM?

Answer 12

auditory coding (rehearsal)

Question 13

what is the most common form of coding in LTM tasks?

Answer 13

semantic coding

Question 14

the strongest evidence for separation of STM and LTM in the brain is provided by what?

Answer 14

neuropsychological studies

Question 15

Case of HM - what brain area affected? what was result of brain change? what did this change indicate about memory?

Answer 15

removal of hippocampus due to seizures

eliminated ability to form new LTM

STM remained intact

suggested that short-term and long-term memories are served by separate brain regions

Question 16

hippocampus - where is it and what relation does it have to memory?

Answer 16

subcortical structure in the temporal lobe - important for forming LTM and also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information

Question 17

Case of KF -what brain area affected? what was result of brain change? what did this change indicate about memory?

Answer 17

damage to parietal lobe in motorbike accident

poor STM indicated by reduced digit span (2 digits)

recency effect was reduced

had functioning LTM indicated by abiity to form and hold new memories of events in life

together with HM, he establishes a double dissociation - supports that STM and LTM are caused by different mechanisms which can act independently

Question 18

Can the hippocampus hold info for short periods of time? How do we know about this?

Answer 18

Ranganath and D’Esposito - brain scan while viewing familiar and novel faces experiment

concluded that the hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays
show that the hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures once thought to be involved only in LTM also play some role in STM

Question 19

Tulving suggested that episodic and semantic memory can be distinguished based on the type of _______________ associated with each

Answer 19

experience

Question 20

mental time travel

Answer 20

the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past

experience of self-knowing or remembering

Question 21

How does Tulving describe the experience of semantic memory?

Answer 21

knowing - does not involve mental time travel

Question 22

neuropsychological evidence of episodic/semantic memory separation

Answer 22

case of KC - motorcycle accident - damage to hippocampus and surrounding structures
- lost episodic memory but semantic memory largely intact

case of LP - Italian woman - encephalitis
- severe impairment of semantic memory but maintained episodic memory

(double dissociation)

Question 23

two ways that episodic and semantic memories interact in everyday life

Answer 23

how knowledge (semantic) affects experience (episodic) - knowledge (semantic memory) guides experience and influences episodic memories that follow

the makeup of autobiographical memory - can include both episodic and semantic components

Question 24

personal semantic memories

Answer 24

semantic memory that is associated with personal experiences

(e.g., the table near the window is our favourite one, that table is difficult to get in the morning)

Question 25

experiences related to _________________ memories can aid in accessing _______________ memories

example?

Answer 25

episodic

semantic

you would be more likely to recall the name of a popular singer (semantic information) if you had attended one of his or her concerts (episodic experience) than if you just knew about the singer because he or she was a famous

Question 26

is forgetting an all-or-nothing process? what are examples?

Answer 26

no - there are different degrees of forgetting and remembering

familiarity - someone seems familiar but you can’t remember their name or where you met them - associated with semantic memory

recollection - remembering specific experiences related to that person - associated with episodic memory

Question 27

how can you measure familiarity and recollection?

Answer 27

the remember/know procedure

remember = remembering the circumstances under which you initially encountered the stimulus

know = stimulus seems familiar but you don’t remember experiencing it earlier

don’t know = don’t remember the stimulus (isn’t familiar) at all

Question 28

What did the Petrican experiment show in relation to the remember/know procedure? what phenomenon does this illustrate?

Answer 28

remember responses decreased much more than know responses, meaning that memories for 40- to 50-year-old events had lost much of their episodic character

semanticization of remote memories - loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events

Question 29

does the semanticization of remote memories only apply to long-ago memories?

Answer 29

no, also for periods as short as 1 week

Question 30

what is some evidence for the connection between the ability to remember the past and the ability to imagine the future?

Answer 30

case of KC - lost episodic memory - also unable to describe personal events that might happen in the future

brain regions active while thinking about the past are also active when imagining the future

Question 31

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 31

The hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.

Question 32

McDermott study

Answer 32

first-person perspective vs. third-person perspective

both remembered and imagined events were more likely to be “seen” from a third-person perspective, although there were slightly fewer third-person perceptions for the remembered past (71 percent) than for the imagined future (78 percent)

Question 33

when mind wandering occurs, people are more likely to think about the ____________ than about the ____________ or ____________.

why is this?

Answer 33

future

past or present

to help people plan for the future by helping create simulations of the future from our episodic memories

Question 34

damage to the DMN can cause problems in retrieving…

Answer 34

autobiographical memories

Question 35

Explicit memories

Answer 35

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past.

Question 36

implicit memories

Answer 36

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience.

Question 37

three parts of implicit memories

Answer 37

procedural memory, priming and conditioning

Question 38

Procedural memory

Answer 38

Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so.

Question 39

what example demonstrates a link between semantic memory and memory involving motor skills?

Answer 39

Case of LSJ

skilled violinist who suffered a loss of episodic memory due to damage to her hippocampus caused by encephalitis, but who could still play the violin

Also lost much of her semantic world knowledge - further testing of LSJ revealed an interesting result: Although she had lost most of her knowledge of the world, she was able to answer questions related to things that involved procedural memory - about music (“Which instruments usually make up a string orchestra?”), driving (“How many sides does a stop sign have?”)

Question 40

can amnesiac patients master new skills? what does this illustrate?

Answer 40

yes, amnesiac patients can master new skills even though they don’t remember any of the practice that led to this mastery

illustrates the implicit nature of procedural memory

Question 41

expert-induced amnesia

Answer 41

Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention.

The result of this automatic action is that when asked about what they did in carrying out a skilled action, the expert often has no idea.

Question 42

Priming

Answer 42

A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus.

Question 43

repetition priming

Answer 43

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.

Question 44

why is priming part of implicit memory?

Answer 44

is called implicit memory because the priming effect can occur even though participants may not remember the original presentation of the priming stimuli

Question 45

how can you test implicit priming and ensure that the participant doesn’t remember the presentation of the priming stimulus? what’s an example of this?

Answer 45

test patients with amnesia - Graf experiment:

results of the word completion test, showing the percentage of primed words that were created, indicate that the patients with amnesia performed just as well as the controls

Question 46

propaganda effect

Answer 46

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements.

can occur even when the person is told that the statements are false when they first read or hear them

Question 47

how is repetition priming different from subliminal priming?

Answer 47

because we are aware of the stimulus in repetition priming but may affect us without realizing

Question 48

why is classical conditioning considered implicit memory?

Answer 48

This is implicit memory because it can occur even if the person has forgotten about the original pairing

Question 49

Conditioning in real life is often linked to what? what is an example?

Answer 49

emotional reactions

you meet someone who seems familiar but you can’t remember how you know him or her - however, you feel either positively or negatively about the person

Question 50

the character of Jason Bourne is related to what rare condition?

Answer 50

psychogenic fugue - Symptoms of this condition include traveling away from where the person lives and a lack of memory for the past, especially personal information such as name, relationships, place of residence, and occupation

Question 51

the most common example of errors in memory terminology in movies is what?

Answer 51

loss of LTM is identified as a loss of short-term memory:
reflects a common belief that forgetting things that have happened within the last few minutes or hours is a breakdown in short-term memory

Question 52

Encoding

Answer 52

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM.

Question 53

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 53

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information.

Question 54

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 54

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge

Question 55

levels of processing theory

Answer 55

Craik and Lockhart

The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow.

Question 56

Deep processing involves _______________________ and is associated with _________________

Answer 56

attention to meaning

elaborative rehearsal

Question 57

Shallow processing involves ___________________ and is associated with _________________.

Answer 57

repetition with little attention to meaning

maintenance rehearsal

Question 58

paired-associate learning - who and what?

Answer 58

Bower and Winzenz

learning task involving forming mental pictures/visual images to deepen processing

participants who had created mental images remembered more than twice as many words as the participants who had just repeated the word pairs

Question 59

self-reference effect

Answer 59

Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self.

Question 60

generation effect

Answer 60

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Participants who had generated the second word in each pair were able to reproduce 28 percent more word pairs than participants who had just read the word pairs

Question 61

result of research that shows that participants spontaneously do what as they recall items?

why does this happen?

Answer 61

organize them

remembering words in a particular category may serve as a retrieval cue—a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory - a word in a particular category, such as fruits, serves as a retrieval cue for other words in that category

Question 62

what is Gordon Bower’s “organizational tree”?

Answer 62

One group of participants studied four separate trees for minerals, animals, clothing, and transportation for 1 minute each and were then asked to recall as many words as they could from all four trees - Participants in this group recalled an average of 73 words from all four trees.

Another group of participants also saw four trees, but the words were randomized, so that each tree contained a random assortment of minerals, animals, clothing, and transportation
- participants were able to remember only 21 words from all four trees.

Question 63

What happens when participants are prevented from organizing information in a coherent way?

Answer 63

extremely difficult to remember

Question 64

Memory may function as what type of evolutionary function? who studied this?

Answer 64

through the process of evolution, memory was shaped to increase the ability to survive, especially in situations experienced by our ancestors, who were faced with basic survival challenges such as finding food and evading predators

Nairne

Question 65

retrieval practice effect

Answer 65

elaboration that results in better memory can also be achieved by testing memory, or, to put it another way, to practice memory retrieval

Question 66

When students are asked to describe their study techniques, the most popular are which two techniques? are these effective?

Answer 66

highlighting material in text or notes and rereading text or notes

research has generally found that these popular techniques are not very effective

Question 67

what are 6 things you can do when studying to increase effectivity?

Answer 67

Elaborate

Generate and Test

Organize

Take Breaks

Avoid “Illusions of Learning”

Be an “active” note-taker

Question 68

spacing effect

Answer 68

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Question 69

research also shows that memory performance is enhanced if what follows learning? why is this?

Answer 69

sleep - can improve consolidation

Question 70

what two illusions of learning does rereading material cause?

Answer 70

fluency—that is, repetition causes the reading to become easier and easier

familiarity effect - Rereading causes material to become familiar, so when you encounter it a second or third time, there is a tendency to interpret this familiarity as indicating that you know the material

Question 71

compared comprehension for a group of students who highlighted and a group who didn’t, Peterson found…

Answer 71

no difference between the performance of the two groups when they were tested on the material.

Question 72

what are retrieval cues?

Answer 72

Locations, songs, smells, etc.

Question 73

free recall

Answer 73

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented

Question 74

cued recall

Answer 74

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli.

Question 75

The results indicated that when the self-generated retrieval cues were presented, participants remembered ___ percent of the words but when the other-person-generated retrieval cues were presented, participants remembered only ___ percent of the words

Answer 75

91

55

Question 76

Encoding Specificity

Answer 76

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.

Question 77

Godden and Baddeley experiment - what did it involve and what principle did it illustrate?

Answer 77

“diving experiment”

the best recall occurred when encoding and retrieval occurred in the same location

encoding specificity

Question 78

State-Dependent Learning

Answer 78

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval.

associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness

Question 79

Eich experiment - what did it involve and what principle did it illustrate?

Answer 79

“merry” or happy music, or “melancholic” or sad music while learning

they did better when their mood at retrieval matched their mood during encoding

state-dependent memory

Question 80

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Answer 80

retrieval is better if the same cognitive tasks are involved during both encoding and retrieval

Question 81

Morris experiment - what did it involve and what principle did it illustrate?

Answer 81

two learning conditions - semantic/meaning (deeper) and rhyming (shallower)

The key result of this experiment was that the participants’ retrieval performance depended on whether the retrieval task matched the encoding task

shows that deeper processing at encoding does not always result in better retrieval, as proposed by levels of processing theory

transfer-appropriate processing

Question 82

new memories are _______ and can therefore be __________

Answer 82

fragile

disrupted

Question 83

Consolidation

Answer 83

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption.

Question 84

Synaptic consolidation

Answer 84

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes.

Question 85

Systems consolidation

Answer 85

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

Question 86

Does systems consolidation follow synaptic consolidation?

Answer 86

No, it’s more accurate to think of them as occurring together - but at different speeds and at different levels of the nervous system

Question 87

who discovered that learning and memory are represented in the brain by physiological changes that take place at the synapse which became the starting point for modern research on the physiology of memory?

Answer 87

Donald Hebb

Question 88

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 88

One of the outcomes of structural changes at the synapse is a strengthening of synaptic transmission.

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.

The first time that neuron A is stimulated, neuron B fires slowly – However, after repeated stimulation, neuron B fires much more rapidly to the same stimulus

Question 89

Once it became clear that the _______________ is essential for forming new memories, researchers began determining exactly how it responds to stimuli and how it participates in the process of systems consolidation

Answer 89

hippocampus

Question 90

what are the two models of consolidation which focus on the role of the hippocampus in memory?

Answer 90

standard model of consolidation

multiple trace model of consolidation

Question 91

standard model of consolidation

Answer 91

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

with the passage of time, connections between the hippocampus and cortical areas weaken – and connections between cortical areas strengthen until, eventually, the HC is no longer involved in those memories

Question 92

Reactivation

Answer 92

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

Question 93

retrograde amnesia

Answer 93

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion.

Question 94

graded amnesia - what is it and what model of consolidation does it correspond to?

Answer 94

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

corresponds, according to the standard model, to the changes in connections between the hippocampus and cortical areas shown – as time passes after an event, the cortical representation becomes stronger

Question 95

multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 95

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.

proposes that the hippocampus remains in active communication with the cortical areas, even for remote memories

Question 96

How does the hippocampus response change over time?

Answer 96

The hippocampus response remained high for RR pairs (the ones that remained episodic at 1 week), but dropped to near zero for RK pairs (the ones that had lost their episodic character at 1 week)

supports the idea that the hippocampus response changes over time, but only for stimuli that have lost their episodic character - found that hippocampus responding is connected with episodic memories, which are still present a week after learning pairs of pictures

Question 97

classifier

Answer 97

a computer program designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity and can then make predictions based on those patterns -

Question 98

multivoxel pattern analysis

Answer 98

A procedure for determining the pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures.

Question 99

more information about remote memories compared to recent memories is contained in the…

Answer 99

prefrontal cortex

Question 100

information about both recent and remote memories is represented throughout the _______________, with the ________________________________
containing more information about remote memories

Answer 100

hippocampus

posterior hippocampus

Question 101

Why does going to sleep shortly after learning enhance memory?

Answer 101

One reason is that going to sleep eliminates environmental stimuli that might interfere with consolidation.
Another reason is that consolidation appears to be enhanced during sleep.

Question 102

Reconsolidation

Answer 102

A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.

Question 103

when a memory is retrieved (remembered), it becomes _________, like it was when it was originally formed - and before it has been reconsolidated, it can be _________________________.

Answer 103

fragile

modified or eliminated

Question 104

What was the first evidence that reactivating a memory can open it to being changed?

Answer 104

Nader’s rat experiment using anisomycin

result shows that when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was first formed, and the drug can prevent reconsolidation

Question 105

memory becomes susceptible to being changed or disrupted every time it is retrieved - what purpose may this have?

Answer 105

updating memory can be crucial for survival

Question 106

who/what provided evidence for the effect of reactivation in humans?

Answer 106

Almut Hupbach

reminder group and the no-reminder group

Question 107

This idea that memories can be changed, has led to practical applications designed to treat what? how?

Answer 107

conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

The basic method involved is to reactivate the person’s memory for the traumatic event and then administer the drug propranolol - blocks activation of stress hormone receptors in the amygdala - a part of the brain important for determining the emotional components of memory

Question 108

Per Sederberg and coworkers (2011) have proposed another explanation for Hupbach’s results which does not involve reconsolidation - what is it?

Answer 108

temporal context model (TCM)

proposes that considering storage is unnecessary because Hupbach’s result can be explained by contextual associations

Question 109

Three types of encoding specificity

Answer 109

Context dependent memory
State dependent memory
Mood dependent memory

Question 110

Is there empirical evidence for the difference between STM and LTM?

Answer 110

yes - Murdock experiment - serial position curve - primacy and recency effect

Question 111

The case of Clive Wearing - video

Answer 111

Was a musician
Viral encephalitis - severe damage to the temporal lobes (hippocampus) as well as the left frontal lobe (which results in emotional behaviour and repeating himself a lot)
Exists in the moment - no encoding into LTM - no episodic memories but does have some semantic and does have implicit memories
Always thinks he’s been awake for about 2 minutes

Question 112

what activity did we do in the lecture regarding encoding information semantically?

Answer 112

paragraph about the kids playing with glasses, spyglass and Galileo

Remembering general facts of the paragraph - we remember the gist pretty well
Remembering the exact wording of a sentence - this is very difficult

Question 113

what is another term for explicit memory? implicit memory?

Answer 113

declarative

nondeclarative

Question 114

Evidence of different underlying brain mechanisms between Declarative and Nondeclarative memory

Answer 114

KC vs. Italian woman (neuropsychological evidence)

Question 115

what did the tower of Hanoi activity in the lecture illustrate?

Answer 115

implicit memory and repetition priming

Can test cognitive skills by measuring how many moves and how long it takes
If it’s presented again a year later - you will complete it in the same or less moves in less time even though you don’t really remember the task
Even amnesiacs will have this effect of repetition priming

Question 116

Hyde & Jenkins experiment:
what is it and what principle does it illustrate?

Answer 116

levels of processing

List of words - two groups:
Pay attention to whether the letter “o” is present (shallow processing)
Pay attention to whether the item would be useful while camping (deep processing)
Processing the words at a “deep level” = memory
Participants didn’t know they would receive a memory test (incidental learning)

Question 117

How does transfer-appropriate processing apply to learning for an exam?

Answer 117

How will you be tested for the exam? If it is all multiple choice then you should practice in multiple choice form. If it’s fill in the blanks, you should practice key terms. If it’s short answer, you should expand on key terms by thinking of scenarios, how key terms relate to each other. If it’s essay form, answer essay questions as best you can in practice.
How you are tested really matters for how you should study.
Match the type of encoding with type of retrieval you expect on the exam.

Question 118

Encoding specificity:
Context in which we learn is linked to the encoding of information - context is a _________________

Answer 118

retrieval cue

Question 119

Lowe study - what was it and what did it illustrate?

Answer 119

blackouts from drinking
Cannot recall events during drinking
Returning to the drunken state will help bring back those memories

state-dependent memory

Question 120

how does state dependent memory relate to preparing for a test?

Answer 120

Relates to test anxiety - heightened during testing but not during studying - do relaxation techniques before test to bring you back to relaxed state

Drinking coffee while studying? - drink coffee while test taking

Question 121

how does mood dependent memory relate to preparing for a test?

Answer 121

Being in same mood results in best performance on testing
For testing - do something to match mood before test (watch a video, listen to music)

Question 122

Sleep deprivation mimics what?

Answer 122

aging - cognitive impairment - performance of someone in their 20s who are sleep deprived perform as if they are in their 60s/70s - cognitive deficits in attention/memory

Question 123

There is contemporary research that, in addition to the hippocampus, structures in the ___ lobe may be linked with ___ memory.

Answer 123

temporal; long- and short-term

Question 124

The accuracy of recalling items in a list decreases as the length of the list increases due to…

Answer 124

distraction

Question 125

When Javier talks about last night’s basketball game with his friend Carol over coffee, what internal thoughts reflect Javier’s working memory?

Answer 125

“The game was close and exciting.”

Question 126

What tool did doctors use to measure the short-term memory capacity of KF following his motorcycle accident?

Answer 126

digit lists

Question 127

Which term best reflects the aspect of memory that people lose with age?

Answer 127

experience

Question 128

Suppose you recall that you had a pleasant conversation with a cashier the other day when you went to get coffee. This memory should be viewed as primarily being ___.

Answer 128

episodic

Question 129

Regarding a person’s future, episodic memory seems to be ________.

Answer 129

adaptive

Question 130

According to the standard model of consolidation, activation in the cortex

Answer 130

occurs in a number of different areas.

Question 131

what is produced during the process of synaptic consolidation?

Answer 131

proteins

Question 132

In the context of memory, what distinguishes reconsolidation from consolidation?

Answer 132

modification

Question 133

What is the consequence of injecting a rat with anisomycin?

Answer 133

Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories.

Question 134

Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible.

Answer 134

fragility

Question 135

If you have participated in paired-associate learning, then you likely…

Answer 135

heard a variety of words paired with other words and had to recall which word was paired with another.

Question 136

Results of Tulving and Pearlstone’s experiment with retrieval cues reflect that…

Answer 136

The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.

Question 137

Devon and Yoshi always create True-False flash cards to help them study for Mrs. Singleton’s weekly True-False history quizzes. What strategy are Devon and Yoshi using to help enhance their performance on the quizzes?

Answer 137

transfer-appropriate processing