Chapter 4 and 5 Review Questions

Question 1

Sperling Experiment

What were the results for whole report? _____ letters recalled (___%)

Answer 1

4.5/12

37%

Question 2

Sperling Experiment

What were the results for partial report? _____ letters recalled (___%)

Answer 2

3.3/4

82%

Question 3

Sperling Experiment

What is the effect of delaying the tone by 1 second?

Why does this occur?

Answer 3

only able to report 1 letter per row

Sensory memory can register large amount of info but only for very brief time - starts to fade within less than 1 second

Question 4

What does Sperling’s Experiment tell us about sensory memory?

Answer 4

Takes in all sensory input

Short lasting - held for very brief amount of time

Question 5

The most common type of coding for Short-Term Memory is ____________

Answer 5

Phonological Coding

Question 6

Conrad’s Study: subjects saw “Q” what letter might they get it confused with?

Answer 6

“U”

Question 7

What is a radical _________________?

Answer 7

visual symbol with no associated sound (can only be coded visually)

Question 8

What is a character _______________?

Answer 8

visual symbol that has an associated sound (can be coded phonologically)

Question 9

Why do subjects remember more characters vs. radicals?

Answer 9

Because phonological coding lasts longer than visual coding

Question 10

What is proactive interference? Give a real-life example.

Answer 10

previous info interferes with ability to learn/recall new info because the new info is from the same semantic category

It is easier to study and retain info for a history test when you have just finished studying for a math test rather than if you have just finished studying for another history test.

Question 11

How many digits can be retained in STM?

Answer 11

Most people have digit span of 5-9 items
(7 plus or minus 2)

Question 12

How can you increase STM capacity?

Answer 12

Chunking - small units can be combined together into larger meaningful items (using semantic coding)

Question 13

What is the duration of STM?

Answer 13

15 - 20 seconds

Question 14

What is the reason for decrease in memory when recall is delayed?

Answer 14

decay (and proactive interference?)

Question 15

Method for testing the cocktail party effect

Answer 15

dichotic listening task - shadowing

Question 16

Type of sensory memory involved in talking on the phone.

Answer 16

echoic memory

Question 17

Model in which filtering occurs after all meaning is processed

Answer 17

late selection model

Question 18

Articulatory suppression affects this aspect of working memory

Answer 18

Phonological loop - inhibits the articulatory rehearsal process

Question 19

This type of task load explains early selection models of attention

Answer 19

High-task load - all cognitive resources used - Only attended items are processed

Question 20

Difficulty in detecting changes in a scene

Answer 20

change blindness

Question 21

Contains stored words, each word has a threshold of activation

Answer 21

dictionary unit

Question 22

Chefs can remember a list of food ingredients better than me.

Answer 22

using semantic coding, participants familiar with a particular topic are able to chunk info

Question 23

Having many friends hinders my ability to learn the names of new people.

Answer 23

proactive interference

Question 24

Duration of short-term memory when you can’t rehearse the information.

Answer 24

15 - 20 seconds

Question 25

Difficulty remembering “fake, take, bake, lake”.

Answer 25

phonological similarity effect

Question 26

This structural component holds lots of detail, but only for a moment.

Answer 26

sensory memory

Question 27

Why I have difficulty remembering the long names of Russian hockey players.

Answer 27

word length effect

Question 28

Keep information in working memory by repeating it several times.

Answer 28

rehearsal

Question 29

This component allows both attended and unattended stimuli to reach the dictionary unit.

Answer 29

attentuator

Question 30

Why singing a song while studying is a bad idea.

Answer 30

continuous partial attention

Question 31

How do early and late selection models differ?

Answer 31

In late selection models, final processing of info doesn’t occur until all incoming info has been processed for meaning but in early selection models, info is filtered out or weakened early in the process.

Question 32

What type of attention is common in daily life?

Answer 32

Selective attention

Question 33

Attention influences what aspects of cognition?

Answer 33

perception, memory, problem solving

Question 34

Attention is what kind of process - single or several processes?

Answer 34

(several processes) - different mechanisms

Question 35

What is the cost of attention?

Answer 35

exclusion of other features

Question 36

How many participants in the Moray - own name - experiment heard their own name?

Answer 36

33%

Question 37

How does task load relate to:
Early selection models
Late selection models

Answer 37

In early selection models the task load is likely higher so all cognitive resources are being used and only attended items can be processed, therefore unattended items are filtered out.

In late selection models the task load is likely lower so not all of the cognitive resources are being used and the unattended items can also be processed.

Question 38

What does proactive interference tell us about STM?

Answer 38

Accuracy recalling words from STM depends on the word’s meaning (release from PI improved recall)

Question 39

What kind of coding does chunking use?

Answer 39

semantic coding

Question 40

The prefrontal cortex receives info from where?

Answer 40

Receives input from sensory areas - auditory & visual

Question 41

Input from the temporal lobe is involved in what?

Answer 41

LTM

Question 42

If there is a lesion to the PF, monkeys can no longer perform task of…

Answer 42

delayed working memory