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A and P Unit 3 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of a mature cartilage cell?

A

Chondrocytes

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2
Q

What is a lacunae?

A

The space that a chondrocyte occupies in the cartilage matrix.

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3
Q

Since cartilage is avascular, how does it receive nutrition and rid itself of waste?

What effect does this have on healing?

A

Diffusion through the matrix

Cartilage heals poorly

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4
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage (2)

A
  1. Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support

2. Reduces friction between bony surfaces

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5
Q

Functions of elastic cartilage

A

Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

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6
Q

Functions of fibrocartilage (3)

A
  1. Resists compression
  2. Prevents bone-to-bone contact
  3. Limits movement
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7
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage (4)

A
  1. Between the ribs, and bones of the sternum
  2. Covering bone surfaces at synovial joints
  3. Supporting larynx, trachea, and bronchi
  4. Forming part of the nasal septum
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8
Q

Location of Elastic cartilage (4)

A
  1. Auricle of external ear
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Auditory canal
  4. Cuneiform cartilages of the larynx
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9
Q

Location of Fibrocartilage (3)

A
  1. Pads within knee joints
  2. Between pubic bones of the pelvis
  3. Intervetebral discs
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10
Q

What are the components found in the matrix of bone?

A

Calcium salts
Calcium phosphate
Lesser amounts of calcium carbonate Collagen fibers

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11
Q

List the primary function of the skeletal system.

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals and lipids
  3. Blood Cell Production
  4. Leverage
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12
Q

Matrix

A

Consists of extracellular fibers and calcium salts

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13
Q

Lacunae

A

Small chambers where osteocytes and chondrocytes live

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14
Q

Canaliculi

A

Passageways between lacunae for nutrient and waste exchange

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

The connective tissue layer which surrounds the bone

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16
Q

Osteocyte

A

The bone cell which maintains the matrix

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17
Q

What attribute do the collagen fibers provide to bone?

A

Flexibility to the bone

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18
Q

What attribute dose the hydroxyapatite provide to bone?

A

Stiffens the bone

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19
Q

Maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix.

A

Osteocytes

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20
Q

Produce new bone matrix

A

Osteoblast

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21
Q

Stem cells which can differentiate to make new osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic

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22
Q

Break down or resorb matrix

A

Osteoclast

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23
Q

What is the functional unit of bone?

A

Osteon

24
Q

Functions of red bone marrow

A

Forms blood cells

25
Q

Functions of yellow bone marrow

A

Adipose tissue for energy reserve

26
Q

What function does spongy bone provide in the epiphysis of a long bone

A

Distribution of weight

27
Q

Where is the periosteum located?

A

Superficial layer of compact bone

28
Q

What are the functions of the periosteum

A
  1. Isolates the bone from surrounding tissues
  2. Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves
  3. Takes part in bone growth and repair
29
Q

Where is the endosteum located

A

Lines the medullary cavity

30
Q

What are the functions of the endosteum

A
  1. Bone growth
  2. Bone repair
  3. Bone remodeling
31
Q

Growth in the girth of a bone is termed _____ growth

A

Appositional

32
Q

Where is the primary ossification centers located in a long bone.

A

Diaphysis

33
Q

Where is the secondary ossification centers located in a long bone.

A

Epiphysis

34
Q

Growth in length of a bone occurs at what location

A

epiphyseal cartilage

35
Q

Epiphyseal plate vs epiphyseal line

A

Plate: New bone is produced
Line: Occurs after epiphyseal closure happens and growth ends

36
Q

What bones are formed via intramembranous ossification.

A

Dermal bones - Skull, mandible, and clavicles

37
Q

What is bone remodeling

A

Continuously recycles and renews the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix

38
Q

What cells are involved in bone remodeling

A

Osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts

39
Q

Why would a bone undergo remodeling

A
  1. To repair microfractures in the bone
  2. To maintain blood calcium levels in the correct range
  3. To reinforce heavily-stressed regions of the bone
40
Q

Summarize the effects of exercise on the bone

A

Mineral crystals generate minute electrical fields. Osteoblasts are attracted to the electrical fields and begin to produce bone. Where tendons attach to the bone develops with exercise.

41
Q

What two minerals are present in the largest amounts in bone

A

Calcium

Phosphorus

42
Q

Function of the hormone: calcitriol

A

Increase calcium and phosphorus absorption

43
Q

Function of the hormone: Sex hormones

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix

44
Q

Function of the hormone: Parathyroid hormone

A

Simulates osteoclast activity

45
Q

Function of the hormone: Calcitonin

A

In pregnant and nursing women, it decreases blood calcium ion levels and may aid calcium ion transfer to the fetus

46
Q

Where is the majority of calcium stored in the human body

A

Skeleton

47
Q

Describe negative feedback to maintain blood calcium levels - high blood calcium levels

A

Increased blood calcium levels causes the thyroid gland to release calcitonin. Calcitonin decreases osteoclasts and decreases the release of calcitriol, which is in the kidneys, slows the absorption of calcium in the small intestines.

Calcitonin increases osteoblast and increases urine excretion of calcium.

48
Q

Describe negative feedback to maintain blood calcium levels - low blood calcium levels

A

Decreased blood calcium levels causes the parathyroid to release PTH. PTH decreases osteoblast and the excretion of calcium in the urine.

PTH increases osteoclasts and causes the kidney’s to release calcitroil. Which increases the absorption of calcium in the small intestines.

49
Q

Closed fracture

A

The break remains completely internal

50
Q

Open fracture

A

The fracture breaks through the skin

51
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Break a bone shaft across it’s long axis

52
Q

First step in Fracture Repair

A

Fracture Hematoma Forms

  • Torn blood vessels hemorrhage and clots
  • Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflammed
  • Happens immediately
53
Q

Second Step in Fracture Repair

A

Callus Forms

  • Cells of the periosteum and endosteum undergo rapid division
  • Phagocytic cells clear debris
  • Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone
  • Cartilage and bone material stabilizes the outside region of the break
  • Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends
  • Happens after about a week
54
Q

Third Step in Fracture Repair

A

Spongy Bone Formation

  • New trabeculae form a bony callus
  • Break can with stand normal muscle movement
  • Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in about 2 months
55
Q

Final Step in Fracture Repair

A

Compact Bone Formation

- Remodeled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

56
Q

When osteopenia becomes severe enough to interfere with the normal functioning of bone, it is termed

A

Osteoporosis

57
Q

Why is severe osteoporosis less frequent in men than in women

A

Men - Produce testosterone until late in life

Women - Have a decline in estrogen after menopause

A and P Unit 3 (3 decks)

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