Chapter 6 Flashcards
A set of beliefs and assumption shared by a group of people that guide how individuals think, act and interact on a daily basis.
Culture
In addition to learning to speak the language their family speaks, children also learn
how, when, why and with whom to use their language.
- “Relates to a person’s beliefs and values”
Culture
o Religion o Geographic location o Age o Level of education o Socioeconomic status o Race or ethnicity o Gender o Sexual orientation
what culture is influenced and shaped by
female, white, middle ages, Christian, American, Midwesterner, married, mom, SLP
we tend to identify with more than one culture
- Linguistic features that vary across cultures:
o Vocabulary (semantics)
o Nonverbal cues and gestures (and other pragmatic rules)
o Phonology
o Morphology and syntax
Culture’s effect on language
A rule-governed variant of the language
Dialect
2 types of dialect
- Standard Dialect
2. Non-Standard Dialect
Set of rules used by the majority of individuals who speak the language
Standard Dialect
Minimally different set of language features spoken by other speakers of the language.
Non-standard Dialect
The dialect spoken by any given group of people is neither superior or inferior to the dialect by any other group of people (True or False)
True
o Different rules for pronouncing phonemes (phonology)
o Different use of vocabulary (semantics)
o Different grammatical forms (morphology/syntax)
o Differences in eye contact, gestures, body language, and position, etc. (pragmatics)
Dialects differ in all 5 domains of language
Different rules for pronouncing phonemes
Phonology
Different use of vocabulary
Semantics
Different grammatical forms
Morphology/syntax
Differences in eye contact, gestures, body language, and position, etc.
Pragmatics
The characteristics of speech or variations in pronunciation of a given language
Accent
Differences between accent and dialect are only found in phonology (True or False)
True
All accent can be part of a dialect (True or False)
True
Three major regional dialects in the US
- New England and Northeast Region
- Midwest
- South
Dropping the /r/ and adding the /r/ where it doesn’t belong
New England and Northeast Region
Example: Amander or Idear
New England and Northeast Region
Main, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont/New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
New England and Northeast Region
submarine sandwich=
grinder. (New England and Northeast Region)
soft drink=
tonic. (New England and Northeast Region)
hamburger=
hamburg. (New England and Northeast Region)
hot dog=
frankfurt. (New England and Northeast Region)
Dropping endings like /ing/ which then become /n/ such as gettin=getting
Midwest and Northern Region
Running words together such as jeatyet?= Did you eat?
Midwest and Northern Region
Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Midwest and Northern Region
diphthongization/tripthongization of traditional short front vowels:
o /æ/ → [æjə] pat: paaaat
o /ɛ/ → [ɛjə] pet: peeet
o /ɪ/ → [ɪjə] pit: peeer
Southern Region or “Southern Drawl”
Social/Cultural Dialects (3)
- African American English
- Hispanic English
- Anglo-Saxon English
Use of these dialects not determined by the color of one’s skin, or one’s national heritage, but by the culture and models one is surrounded by when they are learning language (True or False)
True
A systematic, rule-governed, phonological, grammatical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic system of language.
African American English
f/th (Tooth=Toof)
African American English
d/th (That=dat)
African American English
Dropping the /s/ for plurals and possessives
African American English
/ch/ for /sh/ (Bush=butch)
Hispanic English
/s/ for /z/ (zoo=soo)
Hispanic English
/t/ or /s/ for /th/ (Thumb=tum or sum)
Hispanic English
o Interruption is tolerated o The most assertive person has the floor o Indirect eye contract during listening o Direct eye contract during speaking o Emotional Intensity in communication
African American English
o Physical closeness during conversation
o Emotional intensity in communication to demonstrate sincerity and beliefs
o Avoidance of eye contact may be a sign of respect while maintaining eye contact may be considered a challenge to authority
Hispanic English
o Appropriate to interrupt in certain circumstances, one person has the floor until the point is made
o A preference not to show emotion
o Eye contact during listening denote attentiveness and respect
White/Anglo Saxon
A set of language features that characterize the way a speaker talks in a specific context
Register
When a speaker can easily slip back and forth between registers depending on the conversation context.
Code Switching
Does everyone who speaks English speaks in dialect?
YES
Is standard American English one dialect?
YES
All other dialects, based on geographical, gender, racial or ethnic differences, must be learned and valued if respect and equality are to be pursued. (True or False)
True
