chapter 6 Flashcards
Memory
The mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time (P. 232)
Encoding
The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into, and retained by, the memory system (P. 232)
Storage
The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time (P. 232)
Retrieval
The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it (P. 232)
Stage Model of Memory
A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (P. 232)
Sensory Memory
The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time (P. 233)
Short-Term Memory
The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds (P. 233)
Long-Term Memory
The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information (P. 233)
Maintenance Rehearsal
The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory (P. 236)
Chunking
Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit (P. 236)
Working Memory
The temporary storage and active conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving (P. 237)
Elaborative Rehearsal
Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory (P. 238)
Procedural Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions (P. 240)
Episodic Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (P. 240)
Semantic Memory
Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge concepts, facts, and names (P. 240)
Explicit Memory
Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory (P. 241)
Implicit Memory
Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called non-declarative memory (P. 241)
Clustering
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)
Semantic Network Model
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory (P. 242)
Retrieval
The process of accessing stored information (P. 243)
Retrieval Cue
A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory (P. 243)
Retrieval Cue Failure
The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues (P. 243)
Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) Experience
A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it (P. 245)
Recall
A test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues; also called free recall (P. 245)
Cued Recall
A test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue (P. 245)
Recognition
A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices (P. 245)
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle (P. 245)
Encoding Specificity Principle
The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful (P. 246)
Context Effect
The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information (P. 246)
Mood Congruence
An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood (P. 246)
Flashbulb Memory
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate (P. 246)
Forgetting
The inability to recall information that was previously available (P. 248)
Encoding Failure
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory (P. 248)
Prospective Memory
Remembering to do something in the future (P. 250)
Decay Theory
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time (P. 250)
Deja Vu Experience
A memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experience before (P. 251)
Source Memory (Source Monitoring)
Memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired (P. 251)
Interference Theory
The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another (P. 252)
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference (P. 252)
Proactive Interference
Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference (P. 252)
Suppression
Motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information (P. 252)
Repression
Motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness (P. 252)
Misinformation Effect
A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information (P. 254)
Source Confusion
A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten (P. 254)
