Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 202 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

A process that produces a relatively enduing change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience (P. 184)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conditioning

A

The process of learning associations between the environmental events and behavioral responses (P. 184)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response (P. 186)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning (P. 186)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (P. 186)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (P. 186)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conditioned Response

A

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus (P. 186)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well (P. 189)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stimulus Discriminiation

A

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli (P. 189)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Higher Order Conditioning (Second-Order)

A

A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

A

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus (P. 189)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Behaviorism

A

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning (P. 190)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Placebo Response

A

An individual’s psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; placebo effect (P. 194)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Taste Aversion

A

A classically conditioned dislike for, and avoidance of, a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food (P. 197)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (P. 197)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Law of Effect

A

Learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while response followed y a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation (P. 201)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Operant

A

Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences (P. 201)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Operant conditioning

A

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response (P. 201)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reinforcement

A

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated (P. 201)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

A situation in which a response results in the removal of,avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities (P. 202)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer

A

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer (P. 202)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Punishment

A

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated (P. 204)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Punishment by Application

A

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment (P. 204)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Punishment by Removal

A

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment (P. 204)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Discrimitive Stimulus

A

A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforces (P. 207)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

A

he experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors (P. 209)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Shaping

A

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed (P. 209)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced (P. 210)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Extinction (Operant Learning)

A

Occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement (P. 210)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement

A

The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses (P. 210)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

A

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fix number of response has occurred (P. 210)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

A

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

38
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A

A reinforcer in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a a preset time interval has elapsed (P. 211)

39
Q

Variable-Interval Schedule

A

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

40
Q

Behavior Modification

A

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors (P. 212)

41
Q

Cognitive Map

A

Tolman’s term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment (P. 214)

42
Q

Latent Learning

A

Tolman’s term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available (P. 214)

43
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behaviors (P. 216)

44
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response (P. 217)

45
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others (P. 218)

46
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

A type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived (P. 218)

47
Q

A process that produces a relatively enduing change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience (P. 184)

A

Learning

48
Q

The process of learning associations between the environmental events and behavioral responses (P. 184)

A

Conditioning

49
Q

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response (P. 186)

A

Classical Conditioning

50
Q

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning (P. 186)

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

51
Q

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (P. 186)

A

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

52
Q

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (P. 186)

A

Conditioned Stimulus

53
Q

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus (P. 186)

A

Conditioned Response

54
Q

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well (P. 189)

A

Stimulus Generalization

55
Q

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli (P. 189)

A

Stimulus Discriminiation

56
Q

A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

A

Higher Order Conditioning (Second-Order)

57
Q

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

A

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

58
Q

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus (P. 189)

A

Spontaneous Recovery

59
Q

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning (P. 190)

A

Behaviorism

60
Q

An individual’s psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; placebo effect (P. 194)

A

Placebo Response

61
Q

A classically conditioned dislike for, and avoidance of, a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food (P. 197)

A

Taste Aversion

62
Q

In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (P. 197)

A

Biological Preparedness

63
Q

Learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while response followed y a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation (P. 201)

A

Law of Effect

64
Q

Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences (P. 201)

A

Operant

65
Q

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response (P. 201)

A

Operant conditioning

66
Q

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated (P. 201)

A

Reinforcement

67
Q

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

A

Positive Reinforcement

68
Q

A situation in which a response results in the removal of,avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

A

Negative Reinforcement

69
Q

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities (P. 202)

A

Primary Reinforcer

70
Q

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer (P. 202)

A

Conditioned Reinforcer

71
Q

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated (P. 204)

A

Punishment

72
Q

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment (P. 204)

A

Punishment by Application

73
Q

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment (P. 204)

A

Punishment by Removal

74
Q

A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforces (P. 207)

A

Discrimitive Stimulus

75
Q

he experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors (P. 209)

A

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

76
Q

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed (P. 209)

A

Shaping

77
Q

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced (P. 210)

A

Continuous Reinforcement

78
Q

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

A

Partial Reinforcement

79
Q

Occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

A

Extinction (Operant Learning)

80
Q

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement (P. 210)

A

Partial Reinforcement Effect

81
Q

The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses (P. 210)

A

Schedule of Reinforcement

82
Q

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fix number of response has occurred (P. 210)

A

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

83
Q

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

A

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

84
Q

A reinforcer in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a a preset time interval has elapsed (P. 211)

A

Fixed-Interval Schedule

85
Q

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

A

Variable-Interval Schedule

86
Q

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors (P. 212)

A

Behavior Modification

87
Q

Tolman’s term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment (P. 214)

A

Cognitive Map

88
Q

Tolman’s term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available (P. 214)

A

Latent Learning

89
Q

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behaviors (P. 216)

A

Learned Helplessness

90
Q

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response (P. 217)

A

Instinctive Drift

91
Q

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others (P. 218)

A

Observational Learning

92
Q

A type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived (P. 218)

A

Mirror Neurons

Psych 202 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions