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Bio 181 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ____ is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive.

A

Cell

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2
Q

_________ focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

A

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

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3
Q

___________ focus a bean of electrons through a specimen.

A

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

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4
Q

Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of ____________.

A

Prokaryotic cells

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5
Q

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of _____________.

A

Eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

What are basic features of all cells?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Semifluid substance called cytosol
  • Chromosomes (carry genes)
  • Ribosomes (make proteins)
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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells are characterized by having……?

A
  • No nucleus
  • DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
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8
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having……?

A
  • DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
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9
Q

A __________ cell has internal membranes that partition the cell into organelles.

A

Eukaryotic

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10
Q

__________are composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins.

A

Chromosomes

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11
Q

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called……?

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

Chromatin condenses to form discrete_________as a cell prepares to divide.

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

The___________is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

___________are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein.

A

Ribosomes

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15
Q

Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in _____ locations.

A

two

  • in the cytosol (free ribosomes)
  • on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
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16
Q

The endomembrane system consists of….?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

17
Q

The ________ accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

18
Q

The ___________ is continuous with the nuclear envelope.

A

ER membrane

19
Q

Two distinct regions of ER

A

Smooth ER, lacks ribosomes

Rough ER, studded with ribosomes

20
Q

The smooth ER

A
  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Metabolizes carbohydrates
  • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • Stores calcium ions
  • Certain drugs induce the proliferation of smooth ER, increasing the rates of detoxification
21
Q

The ______________ : shipping and receiving center

A

Golgi apparatus

22
Q

Golgi Apparatus……?

A

Consists of flattered membranous sacs called cisternae

23
Q

Functions of Golgi Apparatus….?

A
  • Modifies products of the ER
  • Manufactures certain macromolecules
  • Sorts/packages materials into transport vesicles
24
Q

________is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules.

A

Lysosome

25
Q

_____________work best in acidic environment inside the lysosome.

A

Lysosomal enzymes

26
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by ________then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

A

rough ER

27
Q

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by ____________; this forms a food vacuole.

A

Phagocytosis

28
Q

A__________fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

A

Lysosome

29
Q

Lysosome also recycle a cell’s own organelles, a process called ……?

A

Autophagy

30
Q

Mutations in the HEXA gene that codes for an enzyme called bet-hexosaminidase

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

31
Q
  • found in lysosome

- lipids accumulate to dangerous levels in the brain and spinal cord

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

32
Q

________are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi Apparatus.

A

Vacuoles

33
Q

__________are formed by phagocytosis.

A

Food Vacuoles

34
Q

__________found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells.

A

Contractile Vacuoles

35
Q

___________found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water.

A

Central Vacuoles

36
Q

Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids are located in what part of an animal cell?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?

A

Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

38
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria……

A
  • Enveloped by a double membrane
  • Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
  • Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
39
Q

Similarities of mitochondria and chloroplasts led to the _________theory.

A

Endosymbiont

Bio 181 (4 decks)

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