Chapter 6

Question 1

Usage-Based Definition

Answer 1

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.

Question 2

Synonym

Answer 2

A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same (couch and sofa).

Question 3

Subsective Adjective

Answer 3

An adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies to.

Question 4

Sister Terms

Answer 4

Words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy, i.e., have exactly the same hypernyms

Question 5

Reverses

Answer 5

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that ‘undoes’ the movement suggested by the other.

Question 6

Prototype

Answer 6

For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set

Question 7

Pure Intersection

Answer 7

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun

Question 8

Relative Intersection

Answer 8

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.

Question 9

Proposition

Answer 9

The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false, i.e., have truth values

Question 10

Principle of Compositionality

Answer 10

The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 11

Non-Intersection Adjective

Answer 11

An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

Question 12

Mutual Entailment

Answer 12

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another

Question 13

Mental Image definition

Answer 13

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 14

Lexical Semantics

Answer 14

A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions.

Question 15

Lexical Expression

Answer 15

A linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon, e.g., single-word expressions and idioms.

Question 16

Intersective adjective

Answer 16

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies

Question 17

Hyponymy

Answer 17

A meaning relationship between words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X

Question 18

Incompatability

Answer 18

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 19

Idiom

Answer 19

A multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional

Question 20

Gradable Antonyms

Answer 20

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale.

Question 21

Entailment

Answer 21

A relationship between propositions where a propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well.

Question 22

Converses

Answer 22

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.

Question 23

Complementary antonyms

Answer 23

Pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word.

Question 24

Compositional Meaning

Answer 24

The meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined

Question 25

Compositional Semantics

Answer 25

A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of phrasal expressions and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expressions they combine

Question 26

Antonym

Answer 26

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Question 27

Anti-Intersection Adjective

Answer 27

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.

Question 28

Extension

Answer 28

in language change, a diachronic semantic change by which the set of appropriate contexts or referents for a word increases.

Question 29

Semantic features

Answer 29

The components of meaning carried by a given word.

Question 30

Matrix of contrastive components

Answer 30

A table that compares and contrasts similar words by showing their semantic features-where they intersect and where they differ