Chapter 6 Flashcards
Usage-Based Definition
A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.
Synonym
A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same (couch and sofa).
Subsective Adjective
An adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies to.
Sister Terms
Words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy, i.e., have exactly the same hypernyms
Reverses
Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that ‘undoes’ the movement suggested by the other.
Prototype
For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set
Pure Intersection
The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun
Relative Intersection
Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.
Proposition
The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false, i.e., have truth values
Principle of Compositionality
The notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.
Non-Intersection Adjective
An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.
Mutual Entailment
The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another
Mental Image definition
A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.
Lexical Semantics
A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions.
Lexical Expression
A linguistic expression that has to be listed in the mental lexicon, e.g., single-word expressions and idioms.
Intersective adjective
An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies
Hyponymy
A meaning relationship between words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X
Incompatability
The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.
Idiom
A multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional
Gradable Antonyms
Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale.
Entailment
A relationship between propositions where a propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well.
Converses
Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.
Complementary antonyms
Pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word.
Compositional Meaning
The meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined
Compositional Semantics
A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of phrasal expressions and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expressions they combine
Antonym
A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.
Anti-Intersection Adjective
An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.
Extension
in language change, a diachronic semantic change by which the set of appropriate contexts or referents for a word increases.
Semantic features
The components of meaning carried by a given word.
Matrix of contrastive components
A table that compares and contrasts similar words by showing their semantic features-where they intersect and where they differ
