Chapter 6

Question 1

deviance

Answer 1

violation of norms or rules or expectations

Question 2

crime

Answer 2

violation of norms written into law

Question 3

stigma

Answer 3

blemishes that discredit a person’s claim to a normal identity

Question 4

social order

Answer 4

a groups usual and customary social arrangements on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

Question 5

social control

Answer 5

a groups formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

Question 6

negative sanction

Answer 6

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm ranging from mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence

Question 7

positive sanction

Answer 7

an expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize

Question 8

genetic predisposition

Answer 8

inborn tendencies

Question 9

street crime

Answer 9

crimes such as mugging, rape and burglary

Question 10

personality disorders

Answer 10

the view that a personality disturbance of some sort cause an individual to violate social norms

Question 11

differential association

Answer 11

Edwin Sutherlands term: people who associate with some groups learn an excess of definitions of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant

Question 12

control theory

Answer 12

the idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer…work against our tendencies to deviate

Question 13

labeling theory

Answer 13

view that the labels people are given affect their own and others perception of them, thus channeling their behaviors into either deviance or conformity

Question 14

techniques of neutralization

Answer 14

ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize) societys norms

Question 15

degradation ceremony

Answer 15

coined by Harold Gardinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someones self by stripping away that individuals self identity and stamping a new identity in its place

Question 16

cultural goals

Answer 16

the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the memebers of a society to achieve

Question 17

institutionalized means

Answer 17

approved ways of reaching cultural goals

Question 18

strain theory

Answer 18

Robert Merton’s term: strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal

Question 19

illegitimate opportunity structure

Answer 19

opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life

Question 20

white-collar crime

Answer 20

Edwin Sutherlands term for crimes committed by people of high social status in the course of their occupations ex. false advertising and price fixing

Question 21

corporate crime

Answer 21

crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

Question 22

criminal justice system

Answer 22

the system of the police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed crime

Question 23

capital punishment

Answer 23

death penalty

Question 24

police discretion

Answer 24

practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter

Question 25

medicalization of deviance

Answer 25

to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

Question 26

medicalization

Answer 26

transformation of a human condition into a medical matter to be treated by physicians