Chapter 6

Question 1

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity

Answer 1

aggregate

Question 2

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

Answer 2

authoritarian leader

Question 3

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules,
and impersonality.

Answer 3

bureaucracies

Question 4

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Answer 4

category

Question 5

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

Answer 5

clear division of labor

Question 6

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Answer 6

coercive organizations

Question 7

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Answer 7

conformity

Question 8

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

Answer 8

democratic leader

Question 9

a two-member group

Answer 9

dyad

Question 10

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Answer 10

explicit rules

Question 11

a group function that serves an emotional need

Answer 11

expressive function

Question 12

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing

Answer 12

expressive leader

Question 13

large, impersonal organizations

Answer 13

formal organizations

Question 14

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

Answer 14

group

Question 15

a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy

Answer 15

hierarchy of authority

Question 16

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

Answer 16

impersonality

Question 17

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

Answer 17

in-group

Question 18

being oriented toward a task or goal

Answer 18

instrumental function

Question 19

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Answer 19

instrumental leader

Question 20

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Answer 20

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Question 21

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Answer 21

laissez-faire leader

Question 22

the main focus or goal of a leader

Answer 22

leadership function

Question 23

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

Answer 23

leadership style

Question 24

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

Answer 24

McDonaldization of Society

Question 25

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

Answer 25

meritocracy

Question 26

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

Answer 26

normative or voluntary organizations

Question 27

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

Answer 27

out-group

Question 28

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

Answer 28

primary groups

Question 29

groups to which an individual compares herself

Answer 29

reference groups

Question 30

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

Answer 30

secondary groups

Question 31

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

Answer 31

total institution

Question 32

a three-member group

Answer 32

triad

Question 33

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

Answer 33

utilitarian organizations