Chapter 4

Question 1

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

Answer 1

achieved status

Question 2

agricultural societies: societies that rely on farming as a way of life

Answer 2

agricultural societies

Question 3

an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

Answer 3

alienation

Question 4

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Answer 4

anomie

Question 5

the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

Answer 5

ascribed status

Question 6

the owners of the means of production in a society

Answer 6

bourgeoisie

Question 7

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

Answer 7

capitalism

Question 8

the awareness of one’s rank in society

Answer 8

class consciousness

Question 9

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

Answer 9

collective conscience

Question 10

a person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

Answer 10

false consciousness

Question 11

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

Answer 11

feudal societies

Question 12

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

Answer 12

habitualization

Question 13

societies based around the cultivation of plants

Answer 13

horticultural societies

Question 14

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

Answer 14

hunter-gatherer societies

Question 15

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

Answer 15

industrial societies

Question 16

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

Answer 16

information societies

Question 17

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

Answer 17

institutionalization

Question 18

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

Answer 18

iron cage

Question 19

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

Answer 19

looking-glass self

Question 20

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

Answer 20

mechanical solidarity

Question 21

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

Answer 21

organic solidarity

Question 22

societies based around the domestication of animals

Answer 22

pastoral societies

Question 23

the laborers in a society

Answer 23

proletariat

Question 24

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

Answer 24

rationalization

Question 25

a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

Answer 25

role conflict

Question 26

the expression of a role

Answer 26

the expression of a role

Question 27

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

Answer 27

role strain

Question 28

an array of roles attached to a particular status

Answer 28

role-set

Question 29

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

Answer 29

roles

Question 30

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

Answer 30

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 31

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

Answer 31

social integration

Question 32

a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture

Answer 32

Society

Question 33

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

Answer 33

status

Question 34

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

Answer 34

Thomas theorem