Chapter 6

Question 1

a type of learning in which we learn to associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 1

classical conditioning

Question 2

an unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

unconditional response (UR)

Question 3

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditional response

Answer 3

unconditional stimulus (US)

Question 4

a stimulus that is originally irrelevant, but after associating with an unconditional stimulus, it comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 4

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 5

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 5

conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

in classical conditioning, the initial stage where we associate a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Answer 6

acquisition

Question 7

the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, or the weakening of a response when it is no longer enforced.

Answer 7

extinction

Question 8

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 8

spontaneous recovery

Question 9

(in classical conditioning) the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

generalization

Question 10

(in classical conditioning) the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Answer 10

discrimination

Question 11

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer, or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 11

operant conditioning

Question 12

anything that, when GIVEN after the response, strengthens the response (aka increases behaviors by adding or INCREASES stimuli)

Answer 12

positive reinforcer

Question 13

anything that, when REMOVED after the response, strengthens the response (aka INCREASES behaviors by removing or reducing stimuli)

Answer 13

negative reinforcer

Question 14

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior

Answer 14

shaping

Question 15

how is shaping done?

Answer 15

reinforcers guide the subject’s actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior

Question 16

an event that DECREASES the behavior it follows

Answer 16

punishment

Question 17

giving something that’s desired

Answer 17

positive reinforcement

Question 18

praising a dog that comes when you call it is an example of…

Answer 18

positive reinforcement

Question 19

ending something that’s undesired

Answer 19

negative reinforcement

Question 20

ending the loud beeping noise by fastening your seatbelt is an example of…

Answer 20

negative reinforcement

Question 21

regarding speed of acquisition, what is the difference between continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 21

with continuous reinforcement, learning occurs rapidly. with intermittent reinforcement, learning is slower.

Question 22

regarding resistance to extinction, what is the difference between continuous reinforcements and intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 22

with continuous reinforcement, there is not much resistance to extinction, so the behavior stops faster. with intermittent reinforcement, there is high resistance to extinction, so the behavior is hard to get rid of.

Question 23

what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Answer 23

intrinsic motivation is wanting to do something for your own sake. extrinsic motivation is wanting to do something to gain a reward or avoid a punishment.

Question 24

what is a mirror neuron?

Answer 24

a neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those same actions

Question 25

mirror neurons are the basis for…

Answer 25

imitation and observational learning

Question 26

what is the difference between a primary enforcer and a secondary reinforcer?

Answer 26

a primary reinforcer satisfies a biological need. a secondary (or conditioned) reinforcer has power by linking to a primary reinforcer.

Question 27

give an example of a primary reinforcer.

Answer 27

food, water, sleep

Question 28

give an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Answer 28

money, good grades

Question 29

pavlov’s dogs, skinner’s pigeons, bandura’s bobo doll: which study supports the theory of classical conditioning?

Answer 29

pavlov’s dogs

Question 30

pavlov’s dogs, skinner’s pigeons, bandura’s bobo doll: which study supports the theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 30

skinner’s pigeons

Question 31

pavlov’s dogs, skinner’s pigeons, bandura’s bobo doll: which study supports the theory of observational learning?

Answer 31

bandura’s bobo doll

Question 32

what is latent learning?

Answer 32

learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it