Chapter 6 Flashcards
a type of learning in which we learn to associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
an unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditional response (UR)
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditional response
unconditional stimulus (US)
a stimulus that is originally irrelevant, but after associating with an unconditional stimulus, it comes to trigger a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the initial stage where we associate a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
acquisition
the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, or the weakening of a response when it is no longer enforced.
extinction
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
(in classical conditioning) the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus
generalization
(in classical conditioning) the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
discrimination
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer, or diminished if followed by a punisher
operant conditioning
anything that, when GIVEN after the response, strengthens the response (aka increases behaviors by adding or INCREASES stimuli)
positive reinforcer
anything that, when REMOVED after the response, strengthens the response (aka INCREASES behaviors by removing or reducing stimuli)
negative reinforcer
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior
shaping
how is shaping done?
reinforcers guide the subject’s actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior
an event that DECREASES the behavior it follows
punishment
giving something that’s desired
positive reinforcement
praising a dog that comes when you call it is an example of…
positive reinforcement
ending something that’s undesired
negative reinforcement
ending the loud beeping noise by fastening your seatbelt is an example of…
negative reinforcement
regarding speed of acquisition, what is the difference between continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement?
with continuous reinforcement, learning occurs rapidly. with intermittent reinforcement, learning is slower.
regarding resistance to extinction, what is the difference between continuous reinforcements and intermittent reinforcement?
with continuous reinforcement, there is not much resistance to extinction, so the behavior stops faster. with intermittent reinforcement, there is high resistance to extinction, so the behavior is hard to get rid of.
what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
intrinsic motivation is wanting to do something for your own sake. extrinsic motivation is wanting to do something to gain a reward or avoid a punishment.
what is a mirror neuron?
a neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those same actions
mirror neurons are the basis for…
imitation and observational learning
what is the difference between a primary enforcer and a secondary reinforcer?
a primary reinforcer satisfies a biological need. a secondary (or conditioned) reinforcer has power by linking to a primary reinforcer.
give an example of a primary reinforcer.
food, water, sleep
give an example of a secondary reinforcer.
money, good grades
pavlov’s dogs, skinner’s pigeons, bandura’s bobo doll: which study supports the theory of classical conditioning?
pavlov’s dogs
pavlov’s dogs, skinner’s pigeons, bandura’s bobo doll: which study supports the theory of operant conditioning?
skinner’s pigeons
pavlov’s dogs, skinner’s pigeons, bandura’s bobo doll: which study supports the theory of observational learning?
bandura’s bobo doll
what is latent learning?
learning that is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
