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Abnormal > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Dissociative Disorder (3)

A

A disorder with disruption, dissociation of identity, memory, or consciousness. Includes dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization.

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2
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

- prevalence

A

Two or more distinct or alter personalities with distinct traits, mannerisms, style of speech. Clusters of alter personalities serve as a microcosm of conflicting urges and cultural themes. Themes of sexual ambivalence and orientation common. Alternates result of conflicting internal impulses that cannont coexist.

  • previously called multiple personality disorder
  • more common in women
  • more common in N America
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3
Q

Controversy of DID

A

Since 1970 cases have increased. Nick Spanos believes not a true disorder but role-playing; becomes so ingrained that it becomes a reality. Role maintained thru social reinforcement.
- Social reinforcement model may explain why so many clinicians discover DID. They may cue clients to enact DID.

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4
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Most common type of Dissociative disorder; Loss of memory without organic cause; unable to recall personal info especially traumatic events. Memory loss is irreversible.

  • formally called psychogenic amnesia
  • five types of memory problems:
    1. Localized- events during specific time period lost (most are this)
    2. Selective- only disturbing parts forgotten
    3. Generalized- forget entire life; very rare still retain habits/skills
    4. Continuos- forget everything including present
    5. Systematized - forget specific category of info
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5
Q

Malingering

A

Falsely claiming amnesia to escape responsibility; faking symptoms for personal gains. Not a DSM disorder

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6
Q

Fugue

A

“amnesia on run” a rare subtype of dissociative amnesia; may travel unexpectedly from home with purposeful wandering; may be unable to recall past personal info; may create new identity. Usually returns within few days or hours.

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7
Q

Depersonalization

A

temporary loss or change in usual sense of our own reality; feeling detached from self and surroundings; dreamlike

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8
Q

Derealization

A

sense of unreality about the external world involving odd changes in perception of ones surroundings or in the passage of time; ppl and objects may change size.

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9
Q

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

  • prevalence
  • cultural differences
A

dissociative disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization and derealization. In both states you maintain contact with reality.

  • Half adults have had one experience with either.
  • may occur more in individualistic societies
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10
Q

Amock

A

Culture bound dissociative syndrome occurring in Asia; trancelike states where person is suddenly excited and violently attacks others

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11
Q

Zar

A

Culture bound dissociative syndrome in North Africa to describe spiritual possession; engaging in behavior like shouting and banging head.

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12
Q

Psychodynamic Theoretical perspective of Dissociative Disorders

  • Dissociative disorders
  • amnesia
  • DID
  • derealization
A

Psychodynamic view: Dissociative disorders involve use of repression resulting in splitting off from consciousness of unacceptable impulses like abuse; Dissociative amnesia may serve function of dissociating ones conscious self from awareness of traumatic experiences. In DID ppl may express imposes thru alters. In depersonalization ppl stand outside themselves sagely distanced from emotional turmoil within.

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13
Q

Social- cognitive Theoretical perspective of Dissociative Disorders

A

A learned response involving the behavior of psychologically distancing oneself from disturbing memories or emotions. The habit of splitting off from conscious is neg reinforced by relief from anxiety, guilt, or shame.
- Nick spans says DID is role playing thru observational learning and reinforcement.

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14
Q

Biological Theoretical perspective of Dissociative Disorders (4)

A
  • Brain dysfunction evidenced shows structural diffs in areas for memory and emotion for DID patients.
  • Diff in metabolic activity
  • Dysfunction in parts involved in body perception
  • Irregularity in brain sleep cycle; disruption in normal sleep cycle can lead to dream like experiences in waking state
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15
Q

Diathesis stress model of Dissociative disorders (2)

A
  1. Few children who experience trauma or sexual abuse develop DID.
  2. Those who are prone to fantasize, prone to hypnosis, more likely.
    - these traits create predisposition for developing after trauma as a survival mechanism.
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16
Q

Treatments for Dissociative disorders (2)

A

1) Most of research on treating dissociative identity disorder focuses on integrating alters into personality structure by uncovering memories of early childhood trauma. Disclosure of abuse essential to therapy process. (out of of 20 ppl only 5 were reintegrated)
2) Lack of responsiveness to prozac with depersonalization/derealization so it may not be related to depression.

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17
Q

Somatic symptoms and related disorders
includes?
- % of doctor visits

A

persistent emotional or behavioral problems relating to physical symptoms; formally called somatoform disorders. Include: somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorder
- 20% of visits can not be explained to medical symptoms

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18
Q

Somatic symtom disorder

  • diagnosis
  • prevalence
A

Excessive concern about physical symptoms to extent that it effects thoughts, feelings, behaviors in daily life.

  • Diagnosis: physical symptoms persistent lasting for 6 mos. or longer and assoc with distress.
  • unknown but may affect 5 to 7%
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19
Q

Hypochondriasis

- Prevalence (2)

A

Used to be in DSM instead of somatic symptom disorder; Misinterpretations of symptoms as signs of series disease; core of hyponchondriasis is health anxiety (a preoccupation that ones physical symptoms are signs of serious health problem)
They don not fake symptoms; they feel real discomfort
- affects 1 to 5%
- about 5% of population seeking medical care affected

20
Q

Illness anxiety disorder (2)

- prevalence

A

unduly high levels of anxiety about having a serious illness even though physical symptoms are absent or minor. Because of the mild symptoms SSD does not apply. Emphasis placed on anxiety assoc with illness rather than the distress of symptoms.

  • Two subtypes
    1. care avoidant- ppl who post pop med visits
    2. Care seeking- jump from doc to doc
  • in in 4 ppl with hypochondriasis
21
Q

Conversion Disorder AKA?

  • history
  • prevalence
A

loss or impairment of physical function in absence of organic cause. AKA neurological symptom disorder) The impairment of voluntary movements or sensory functions. Believe to be caused by conversion of emotional distress into symptoms. Conversion symptoms mimic neurological or general medical conditions involving problems with voluntary motor or sensory functions thru: paralysis, epilepsy, blindness, loss of feeling in limb (ansesthia)

  • formerly called hysteria neurosis
  • Unknown but reported to be about 5%
22
Q

La belle indifference

A

“the beautiful indifference” Some with conversion disorders show remarkable lack of concern with symptoms.

23
Q

Factitious Disorder (2)

A

Intentional fabrication of psychological or physical symptoms for no apparent gain; faking symptoms by sometimes injuring selfs. No external reward so serves an underlying psychological need of playing sick role. Two subtypes:

  1. factitious disorder on self (most common)
  2. factitious disorder imposed on another
24
Q

Munchausen syndrome

- rates

A

(factitious disorder imposed on self) fabrication of medical symptoms by faking or making illness for no gain. Named after Baron Karol Von Monchausen.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy (is factitious disorder imposed on another) induce physical or emotional illness on another.
- out of 451 cases by proxy 6% victims died and typically 4 years or younger; moms perpetrators 3 out of 4 times.

25
Q

Koro syndrome

A

cultural bound somatic syndrome found in China; fear of genitals shrinking into body

26
Q

Dhat syndrome

A

cultural bound somatic syndrome found in Asia; fear of loss of semen thru nocturnal emission; harmful because it depletes body of energy.

27
Q

Psychodynamic theoretical perspective of conversion disorders
-2?

A

Was called hysteria in 19th century; Leftover emotion that is cut off from the threatening impulses becomes converted into physical symptoms like hysteria. Hysteria symptoms serve function of allowing person to achieve primary and secondary gains
primary- allows person to keep internal conflicts repressed; symptoms are symbolic of and provides partial solution to conflict (paralysis to arm so no masturbation)
secondary- allow person to avoid burdensome responsibilities and gain support of friends and family.

28
Q

Conversion disorder history

A

Called hysteria; Hippocrates termed hystera to “wandering uterus” which created internal chaos. Hysteria complaints in single women; marriage was cure because pregnancy would satisfy organ.

29
Q

Learning theory of somatic symptom disorders

A

Focus on direct reinforcing properties of the symptoms and its secondary role in helping person avoid anxious situations. Reinforcing properties arise from the sick role. Differences in learning experiences explain why women get it more than men: Western women socialized to cope with stress by playing sick role.

30
Q

Cognitive perspective of somatic symptom disorders (3)

A

1) Hyponchondriasis can be a self-handicapping strategy for blaming poor performance on failing health
2) Cognitive distortions are exaggerating minor complaints
3) Misinterpretations of minor symptoms

31
Q

Biological perspective of somatic symptom disorders

-conversion disorder

A

Conversion disorders may involve disconnection in neural connections between parts of brain that control speech functions and parts regulating anxiety

32
Q

Treatment for somatic symptom and related disorders (4)

A
  1. Freud used psychoanalysis to treat hysteria (conversion disorder). Sought to uncover and bring into awareness unconscious conflicts from childhood. Once brought into awareness symptoms will be gone.
  2. Behavior approach focuses on removing sources of secondary gain connected with physical complaints. ( family members)
  3. CBT- use of cog restructuring distorted thinking to help client identify and replace thoughts.
  4. Behavior approach of ERP with running to doctors

*many SSD patients drop out of treatment early

33
Q

Psychosomatic disorders

A

A physical disorder in which psych factors play a casual or contributing role. Explores health related connections between mind and body.

34
Q

Ulcers

-Prevalence

A

Traditionally believed to be psychosomatic but really caused by a bacterium H pylori which causes peptic ulcers; sores in stomach lining. Ulcers arise when bacterium damage this protective lining of stomach.
- 1 in 10

35
Q

Headaches

(2) - rates

A
  1. Most frequent kind of headache is the tension headache. Stress leads to persistent contractions of muscles of scalp, face, neck, shoulders,. Usually develop gradually.
  2. Migraines affect 30 million ppl, about 2 in 3 occur in women between 15 and 55 years of age. A complex neurological disorder. Throbbing sensations on ones side of head or behind eye.
    May experience aura or cluster of warning signs like flashing lights, bizarre images, blind spots
36
Q

Theoretical perspective of headaches (3)

A
  1. Cause still unclear
  2. Increased sensitivity of neural pathways that send pain signals to brain from face and head
  3. Migraine headaches may involve and underlying central NS disorder involving nerves and blood vessels in brain. Low levels of serotonin may cause vessels to contract/narrow or expand/dilate. This stretching stimulates throbbing.
37
Q

Treatment for headaches (5)

A
  1. Drugs that constrict dilated(expanded) vessels or help regulate serotonin
  2. biofeedback training- help gain control over bodily functions and brain waves by giving info by audio signals or visuals. Learn to make signal change in direction
  3. Electromyographic BFT- relaying info about muscle tension in forehead; heightens awareness of tension and gives cues that can help reduce it
  4. Thermal BFT- modifies patterns of blood flow thru body; temp sensing device to finger; console beeps more slowly or rapidly as temp in finger rises; temp rises when more blood; changes in blood flow to finger help migraine.
  5. Also use of psycho techniques like coping, realization, and cog therapy
38
Q

Cardiovascular Disease

- rate

A

AKA hearty and artery disease; leading cause of death; claims about 830,000 lives and accounts for every 3 deaths; most often as heart attack or stroke

39
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

  • rates
  • cause
A

Major form of CVD and accounts for 500,000 of these deaths; leading cause in both men and women claiming more lives than breast cancer. Declining since 1980s
Caused by arteriosclerosis (hardening) of arteries, artery wall becomes thicker, less elasticity making it hard for blood to flow. Cause of arte is atherosclerosis, a buildup of fatty deposits in walls which leads to formation of clogging plaque.

40
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

AKA heart attack; blood clot in artery narrows by plaque blocking blood to heart; heart tissue dies because of lack of oxygen rich blood

41
Q

Stroke

A

Blood clot blocks blood to brain; leads to death of brain tissue which results in loss of function in that part, coma, death.

42
Q

Theoretical perspective of CVD (4)

A
  1. Type A behavior patter- hostility, sense of time urgency, competitiveness, hostility ( later research doubts relationship)
  2. Stress hormones norepinephrine/epinephrine release results in more oxygen rich blood to muscles for flight. Constant hormones can damage heart and vessels
  3. Episodes of acute anger can trigger heart attacks
  4. Anxiety and anger can increase levels of cholesterol
43
Q

Asthma

A

Respiratory disorder in which tubes of windpipe (bronchi) constrict and become inflamed and large amounts of mucus secreted. Attacks can damage bronchial system causing muscles to lose elasticity.
- Affects 16 million adults and 7 million children Rates on rise and doubled past 30 years

44
Q

Treatment of asthma

A

desensitization therapy, allergy shots, inhalers, broncholidilators (open bronchi during attack), antiinflammatories (prevent attacks by keeping tubes open)

45
Q

Cancer

- Statistics (5)

A

Mutant cells that form growths or tumors spreading to healthy tissue.

  • 1 out of every 4 deaths caused by cancer
  • claims 1/2 million lives; 1 every 90 seconds
  • Men have 1 in 2 chance, women 1 in 3
  • rates declining due to screening and treatment
  • more than 1/2 could be prevented if adopting healthy behaviors
46
Q

AIDS

- stats (4)

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks the immune system leaving it helpless to defend itself.

  • claims more than 430,000 lives in US
  • 24 million people worldwide
  • 30 million people worldwide affected with HIV
  • 55,000 new cases of HIV in US
47
Q

Psychological factors of AIDS (2)

A
  1. Ppl with AIDS have psych problems in adjusting to living with disease
  2. Behavioral patterns play a dominant role in getting disease

Abnormal (18 decks)

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