Chapter 1 Flashcards
6 criteria when defining abnormal behavior
if behavior is..1. Unusual or rare
- Socially deviant
- based on faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality
- facilitates distress or discomfort
- self defeating or maladaptive
- Dangerous
Psychological Disorder
Pattern of abnormal behavior that is associated with states of significat emotional distress such as anxiety or depression, or with impaired ability to function.
How many Americans affected?
One in two (46%)
How many diagnosable disorders in a given year?
1 in 4
Medical model
perspective that views abnormal behavior patterns as symptoms of an underlying illness. Term mental disorder is derived from this model.
6 key points from Surgeon general’s report issued in new millenium
- mental health reflects the complex interaction of brain and eviro2. treatments exist for most disorders and is often more effective when psycho and pharmo combined
- Progress in developing effective prevention programs is slow because we do not know the cause of disorders.
- Although 15% of American Adults receive some help many do not
- Mental health problems best understood when considering the social and cultural contexts which they occur.
- Mental health services need to be designed so that racial and ethnic minorites are considered.
Schizophrenia
affects 1% of the population. Includes socially deviant or bizarre behavior, distrubed perceptions, maladaptive behavior.
Trephination
The drilling of the skull to provide an outlet for spirits.
Hippocrates
Believed illnesses of the body and mind were the result of natural causes. Health depended on humors or vital fluids. Phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, and blood. Inbalance in humors resulted in abnormal behavior. His theory foreshadowed medical model. Classified abnormal behaviors using three categories: melancholia- depression, mania-exceptional excitment, phrentis- schizo
Johann Weyer
took up cause of hippocrates and Galen by saying abnormal behavior casued by physical problems
Asylums
introduced in late 15th, 16th century thru Europe.
Jean Baptiste Pussin & Phillip Pinel
Part of the Reform movement, in late 18th century. Said ppl who behave abnormally suffer from diseases and should be treated humanely. Started Moral therapy- based on belief that providing right environment could restore functioning.
Ben Rush
Considered the father of American psychiatry. Thought madness caused by engorgemnt of blood vessels in brain and suggested bloodletting. His philly hospital became first in the US to admit patients for psych disorders.
Dorthea Dix
Boston school teacher. Rallied for 32 mental hospitals to devote to treating disorders.
Deinstitutionalization
policy in 1963 shifting the burden of care from state hospitals to community based treatment settings.
Homless
one third of homless adults in US suffer from mental illness
Biological Perspective
Abnormal behavior is a mental illness that can be classified like a physical illness according to distiinct symptoms and causes.
Wihlem Griesinger
argued that abnormal behavior was rooted in diseased of the brain
Emil Kraepelin
Two main groups of disorders: 1. Dementia Praecox- schizo
2. Manic Depression- bipolar
DP caused by chemical imbalances and Bipolar caused by abnormal metabolism.
Made major contribution to development of classification system of current diagnostic systems.
General Paresis
A distrubed behacior associated with physical symptoms and psych impairment including personality and mood changes and with progressive deterioration of mem functioning. Caused by bacteria invading brain from advanced stage of syphilis. Gave support to the medical model in late 19th century.
Comorbidity
Co occuring diagnoses
Jean- Martin Charcot
Expiermented with hypnosis to treat hysteria- a condition with paralysis or numbness that cant be explained by physical cause.
PsychoDynamic Model
First psychological perspective on abnormal behavior. Freud said the psych factors that give rise to hysteria must be unconcious processes.
Joseph Breuer
Freud was influenced by him. Breuer used hypnosis to treat Anna O with hysteria. When anna talked about events with symptoms, it provided symptom relief (called it talking cure/ chimney sweeping) Breuer labeled this therapy as catharsis.
Homosexuality abnormal until?
1973
Sociocultural Perspective
Believe cause of abnormal behavior found in the failures of society. Focuse on relationship factors such as gender/race/lifestyle.
Biopsychosocial Perspective
AKA interactionist model, interplay of bio, psycho, and sociocultural factors.
4 objectives of science
- Describe2. Explain
- Predict
- Control
3 Principals in Ethics
- Promote the dignity of the individual2. protect human welfare
- preserve scientific integrity
Two major principles of ethic guidelines
- Informed consent2. confidentiality
Naturalistic Observation
Provides info on how ppl behave but not why
Selection Factor
type of bias in which differences between experimental and control group result from diffs in types of particpants not the IV
attention-placebo control group
participants are exposed to a believable or credible treatment that contains the nonspecific factors that all therapies share but not the specific one in the IV
Internal validity
when the observed changes in the DV are caused by the IV
External Validity
the generalizability of results of an experimental study to other subjects.
Construct Validity
higher level of validity. The degree to which treatment effects can be accounted for by the theoretical mechanisms or constructs represented in the IV. (must do what you said it was going to do). Can never be certain of this.
Kinship studies
Attempt to disentangle the roles of heredity and environment.
Genes
Regulate the development of traits. Chromos house are genes. There are 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human body.
Genotype vs. Phenotype
G is the set of traits specified by our genetic codeP is the expressed traits. It is the combo of genetics and eviro.
Proband
The case first diagnosed.
Monozygotic twins
100% genetic overlap, identical twins. Zygote divides into two cells
Dizygotic twins
50% overlap, fraternal twins, two Zygotes fertilized.
Concordance rate
the percentage of cases in both twins with the same disorder (higher for MZ twins)
single case experimental design
developed due to lack of control in traditional case study. Subjects serve as own controls most common is the reversal design or ABAB- baseling/treatment/baseline/treatment
