Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
Gene copies segregate during gamete production. Each gamete gets one copy.
What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
An allele passed down at one locus is independent of an allele passed down another.
What is particulate inheritance?
Mendel proposed that phenotypes can be recovered; offspring of two pink flowers could be white or red.
What is transcription?
DNA is coded to mRNA.
What is translation?
mRNA is coded to amino acids.
What are codons?
Three nucleotides or three base pairs.
What does degenerate/redundant mean in genetics?
More than one triplet can code for an amino acid.
What is a homozygote?
Two of the same allele (e.g., rr).
What is a heterozygote?
Two different alleles (e.g., Rr).
What is epigenetic inheritance?
Alters gene expression without changes in the DNA sequence.
What is DNA methylation?
Affects the ability of transcription factors to bind, which can cause genes to be expressed or not; one way epigenetics may occur.
What is a transition mutation?
A change from purine to purine (A to G or C to T).
What is a transversion mutation?
A change from purine to pyrimidine (A to T or G to C).
What is a synonymous (silent) mutation?
Mutations that don’t affect the amino acid sequence.
What is a non-synonymous (replacement or missense) mutation?
Mutations that affect the amino acid sequence.
What is a nonsense mutation?
Codes for a stop codon.
What is an insertion mutation?
Adds nucleotides.
What is a deletion mutation?
Removes nucleotides.
What is a frameshift mutation?
Insertions or deletions not in multiples of 3.
