chapter 6 Flashcards
The Constitutional Convention
group of esteemed individuals gathered to draft a new constitution for the United States.
The Delegates
55 delegates, all of whom were while, male, and relatively young. they were well educated, with many being practicing lawyers and having helped write their state constitution
Virginia Plan
favored large states, with representation based on population
New Jersey Plan
favored small states, with equal representation for all states
Connecticut Plan
Compromise solution, with a two-house Congress (senate and house of representatives)
Three-fifths compromise
decided by south Carolina in second Continental Congress to court enslaved people as 3/5 of a person to handle states taxation without representation.
Presidency
4 years per term, have to be older than 35, and born in america
Ratification
to pass the new constitution only 9 out of the 13 states had to vote in favor
Federalists
supported a strong central government and the constitution, led by Alexander Hamilton
Anti-Federalists
opposed a strong central government and wanted to stick with eh articles of confederation, led by Thomas Jefferson
Federalists Papers
persuasive essay written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. 85 essays presented reasons for the believe of ratifying the constitution
Pro-Bill of rights
anti-federalists argued that a strong central government could act similarly to the tyrannical government of Britain, believed bill of rights was needed to protect Americans against a corrupt gov.
Con-Bill of rights
federalists argued Congress would be elected by the people so they did not need protection. the also believe that listing specific rights could lead to the assumption that unlisted rights could be violated
first amendment
protects freedom of speech, press, assembly, and petition
second amendment
protects the right to bear arms
third amendment
no quartering soldiers
fourth amendment
right to search and seizures
fifth amendment
protects against self-incrimination and ensures due process
sixth amendment
ensures the right to speedy and public trial
seventh amendment
preservers the right to trail by jury
eighth amendment
prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments
ninth amendment
ensures unlisted rights that are not denied or disparaged
tenth amendment
reserves powers not delegated to the U.S. to the states or the people
Washington’s cabinet
- Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state
- Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury
- Henry Knox as Secretary of war
- Edmund Randolph as attorney general
Federal Court System
judiciary act of 1789 established a supreme court with one chief justice an 5 associate justices that served for life
Hamilton’s Financial Program
- paying off national debt at face value and having the federal government assume the war debts of the states
- protecting infant industries and collecting adequate revenues through high tariffs on imported goods
- dreaming a national bank for depositing government fund and printing bank notes
French Revolution
series of war between new french Republic and the monarchies of Europe. Washington’s entire presidency was a question on whether to give U.S. support to France or any other parties involved
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Washington’s act stating that the U.S. would not take sides in the conflict between France and its enemies. he believed the nation was not strong enough for another war this decision was opposed by Jefferson and his followers
Jay treaty (1795)
maintained Washington’s policy of Neutrality. was unpopular among Americans supporters of France
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
because Spain thought the U.S. was getting closer with Britain and granted U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi river, use of the port of new orleans
Natives and Northwest Confederacy
a group who resisted American settlers. general Anthony defeated the tribes and the treaty of Greenville was signed to next year surrendering claims to the Ohio territory
The Whiskey Rebllion (1794)
was a tax protest in western Pennsylvania where farmers refused to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey. Washington responding by sending 15000 soldiers causing rebellion to collapse
Federalists
John Adams, Hamilton, interpret constitution loosely, pro-british, develop large peacetime army and navy, aid business, create a national bank, northeastern states, growth of federal power
Democratic-Republican
Jefferson, Madison, interpret strictly, pro-french, develop small peacetime army and navy, favor agriculture, oppose a national bank, southern states and western frontier, argued for states rights
Washington’s Farewell Address
warned against:
- getting involved in European affairs
- making permanent alliances in foreign political parties
- forming political parties
- falling into sectionalism
XYZ Affairs
presented Adams first challenge of his presidency, foreign affairs with diplomats
Alien and Sedition Acts
laws restricting their political opponents, allowed president to:
- deport immigrants considered dangerous
- detain enemy immigrants in time of war
- punish newspaper editors who criticized the president or congress
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
D-R argues that the Alien and sedition act broke the 1st amendment in response they enacted nullifying laws in state legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. states don’t have to follow federal laws if they see it as unconstitutional
Election of 1800
swept federalists power from both executive and legislative branches. since Jefferson and burr tied the House held vote to break the tie. with Hamilton endorsement Jefferson won. power passed between parties without violence
