Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
3 Major phases of water cycle
A
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
2
Q
Components and Flow in Water Systems
A
Source
Supply
Distribution
Use
Collection
Disposal
Treatment
3
Q
Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always be _
A
only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
4
Q
Sources of Water
A
Rain Water
Natural Surface Water
Ground Water
5
Q
__________ for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise strerilized
A
Cistern Water
6
Q
Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system
A
Advantages of Rain Water
7
Q
Rainwater is collected from
A
roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds
8
Q
Disadvantage of rainwater
A
only a source during the wet season
storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitos
roofs may not be clean
9
Q
Obtained from ponds, lakes, and rivers
A
Natural Surface Water
10
Q
Advantages of natural surface water
A
easy to acquire
usually in large quantities
used for ittigation, industrial, purposes and when treated for community water supply
11
Q
Disadvantage of natural surface water
A
contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, and inorganic substances
Purification and treatment is necessary
12
Q
From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas
A
Ground Water
13
Q
Requires less treatment because of natural filtering
A
Ground Water
14
Q
May have organic matter and chemical elements; _____ is suggested
A
treatment
15
Q
Water treatment problems
A
Acidity
Hardness
Turbidity
Color
Pollution
16
Q
Cause of Acidity
A
Entranceo f oxygen and carbon dioxide
17
Q
Effects of acidity
A
Corrosion of non-ferrous pipes
Rusting and cloggind of steel pipes
18
Q
Correction of Acidity
A
Raising alkaline content by the introduction of a neutralizer (sodium silicate)
19
Q
Cause of Hardness
A
Presence of magnesium and calcium salts
20
Q
Effects of Hardness
A
Clogging of pipes
Impaired laundry and cooking
21
Q
Correction of Hardness
A
Boiling
Use of an ion exchanger (zeolite process)
22
Q
Cause of Turbidity
A
Silt or mus in surface or in ground
23
Q
Effects of turbidity
A
Discoloration
Bad Taste
24
Q
Correction of Turbidity
A
Filtration
25
Cause of color
presence if iron and manganese
26
effects of color
discoloration of fixtures and laundry
27
correction of color
oxidizing filter
28
cause of pollution
contamination by organic matter or sewage
29
effects of pollution
disease
30
correction of pollution
chlorination
31
produces hardness
calcium, magnesium
32
bad taste and odor, higly corrosive to plumbing, stains clothing
sulfur
33
bad taste, highly corrosive
salt
34
Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,
interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes
Iron
35
Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis
Pathogenic germs
36
Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains
clothing
Acid
37
bad taste and odor
algae
38
Aeration
Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide
39
Coagulation and Setling Process
Suspended Material
40
Chemicals and Sand Filtration
Bacteria
41
Addition of water softeners
Calcium and Magnesium
42
Iron Filters
Iron
43
Chlorination
Sulfur
44
Disinfection
Pathogenic Germs
45
Marble of Limestone Filtration
Acid
46
Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
Aeration
47
Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and line, to the water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass whoch precipitates readily.
Coagulation and Precipitation
48
Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer suspended particles
Filtration
49
Water is passes through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time
Sedimentation
50
Water is injected with hypo-chlorite gas to kill the harmful bacteria
Chlorination
51
Types of wells
Shallow
deep
52
Individual Well Springs
Dug Well
Bored Well
Jetted Well
Driven Well
Drilled Well
53
Most common type
Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
Individual Well Springs:
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
Dug Well
54
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven in by hand or
with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters,
but can reach 40+ meters with power tools
Bored Well
55
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to as
“Sand-Point Wells
Jetted Well
56
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters
Driven Well
57
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Drilled Well
58
Most Common Sources of Contamination
Septic Tank/Leach fields
Livastock Feedlots
59
Locating a well
location must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources
60
True or false
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration
true
61
Methods of Well-Screening
Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass
Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening
62
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
63
________ (water is drawn in with only 1 motion
Single Action
64
______(water is drawn in with either stroke)
Double Action
65
water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use if a piston
Piston Pumps
66
Water is drawn into the pump and discharged with a centrifugal force
Centrifugal Pumps
67
Types/Classification of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Jet Pumps
Rotary Pumps
Submersible Pumps
Sump Pumps
Turbine Pumps
68
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge
from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when
the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is
introduced to regulate the pulsation
Reciprocating Pumps
69
are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up
from a well.
Jet Pumps
70
Four types of Jet pumps
Deep well
Shallow Well
Convertible
Miniature
71
can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM
Rotary Pumps
72
are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersibls
Sumersible Pumps
73
used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump Pumps
74
are centrifugal pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers
Can discharge up to 2000 GPM
Turbine Pumps
75
Types of Tanks for domestic use
Overhead Tanks
Cisterns
Pressure Tanks
Hot Water Tanks
76
Main components of gravity supply tanks
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
77
used in air pressure system
often used with a pumo
also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure automatically if necessary
Pneumatic Water Tanks
78
Types of Hot Water TAnks
Range Boiler
Storage Boiler
79
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of Galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel
standard working pressure limit is 85 t o150 psi
Range Boiler
80
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi
Storage Boiler
81
Function of Valves
Control of the water system
Start or shut down a system
Regulate Pressure
Check backflow
Control the direction of water
82
Types of Valves
Gate Valve
Globe Valve
Check Valve
Angle Valve
Foot Valve
Safety Valve
83
a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line
(does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent
Gate Valve
84
types of gate valve
Wedge shape or tapered disc
double disc valve
85
Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet
Glove Valve
86
3 types of globe valve
plug type disc valve for throttling
conventional disc valve(ball type) for shutting
composition disc valve for steam and hot water
87
main function is to prevent reversal of flow (backflow) in the line
check valve
88
4 types of check valve
the swing check valve
the lift check valve
vertical check valve
horizontal check valve
89
Located at the lower end of the
pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
Foot Valve
89
Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints
Angle valve
90
Used on water systems, heating systems, compressed air lines and other pipe lines with excessive pressure
Safety Valve
91
Types of Faucets/Bibbs
Compression Cock
Key Cock
Ball Faucet
92
Operated by the compression of a soft packing upon a metal sheet
Compression Cock
93
Operated with a round tapering plug ground to fit a metal sheet
Key Cock
94
Has grooves fir for a hose
Hose Bibb
95
Constructed with a ball connected to the handle
Ball Faucet
96
Defects in Water Distribution Systems
Water Hammer
Back Siphonage
Expansion / Contraction
Friction Head Loss
97
A knockingi n the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle
Water Hammer
98
The flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe
Back-Siphonage
99
The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, oro ther device and the flood level rim of the receptacle
Back flow
100
Pipes expand and contract due to a continuous changes in temperature
An air space should be provided to allow for breathing room
Expansion/Contraction
101
Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of water flow
Friction Head Loss
102
Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin and extended into deep water
Direct Pressure Distribution
103
Components of Direct Pressure Distribution
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
104
Classification of Public Water Distribution
Indirect Pressure Distribution
Direct Pressure DIstribution
105
Water is taken from a drilled well or underground warer
Involves individual special mechanical equipment
Indirect Pressure Distribution
106
Parts of the Cold Water Dstribution System
Service Pipe
Water MEter
Horizontal Supply Main
Riser
Fixture Branch
Controls & Valves
Storage Tanks
Upfeed System
107
Pipe from the street water main or other sourve of water supply to the building served
Service Pipe
108
Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service
Water Meter
109
The principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter from which the various branches and risers to the fixtures are taken
Horizontal Supply Main
110
A water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures
Riser
111
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe
Fixture Branch
112
used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system
Controls & Valves
113
Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public water main
Direct Upfeed
114
When pressure supplied by city water supply is not strong enough
Compressed aur is used to raise and push water into the system
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
115
Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) of Gravity System
116
Cold Water Distribution System
Upfeed System
Air Pressure System
Overheadfeed System
117
Large pipe is installed at the _ of the riser and the diminishing sizes passes through the _ floors of the building
top, lower
118
With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
119
___________ is immediately drawn form the fixture any time
Hot water
120
Hot water rises on top to the highest point of the plumbing system and travles to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system)
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
121
_____ is dependent on the expansion of hot water and gravity
Water Distribution
122
For a more efficien circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings
Pump Circuit System
122
Larger pipe is installed at the ____ of the riser and the diminishing sizes passes through the ___ floors of the building
bottom, upper
123
2 Types of Water Heating Systems
Hot water space heating system
Hot water supply system
124
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Hot Water Space Heating System
125
Not a closed system which operate on much higher temperature
Hot Water Supply System
126
Protection of Hot Water Tank
System Relief Valve
Temperature and Pressure Relief
127
Used for hot water space heating system
System Relief Valve
128
