Chapter 6 Flashcards
Explicit memory is also called ____________ memory.
Declarative.
Explicit memory states or reveals ____________ information.
Specific.
There are 2 types of explicit memory: ____________ and ___________.
Episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory is a type of __________ ________y.
Explicit memory.
Semantic memory is a type of ___________ _______y.
Explicit memory.
Prospective memories relate to the _________.
Future.
Retrospective memories relate to the ____.
Past.
Implicit memories are a type of _________________ __________y.
Retrospective memory.
Explicit memories are a type of _________________ __________y.
Retrospective memory.
Semantic memories are what you ____: t_____ and g_______ information.
know, trivia, general.
Episodic memories relate what happens to ___ and what ___ do.
Happens to you, what you do.
Material presented in class would be an example of _________ memory. (HINT: Starts with E, but not “Episodic.”)
Explicit.
Implicit memories are h__________.
Habitual.
Implicit memory is also called non__________ memory, p_________ memory, and _____ memory.
Nondeclarative, procedure, skill.
Implicit memories are i______ but generally not v_______ e___________.
Implied, verbally expressed.
TRUE OR FALSE: Implicit memories endure even when unused for years.
TRUE.
Implicit memories are (partly) responsible for the a_________ and m___________ _______.
Alphabet, multiplication tables.
Aside from implicit memories, the alphabet and multiplication tables are learned by p_______.
Priming.
Priming is “the activation of a_________ in memory, often as the result of r__________ and without c__________ effort.
Associations, repetition, conscious effort.
TRUE OR FALSE: Retrospective memories include activities.
TRUE.
Prospective memory generally is motivated by t___ or ______.
Time, events.
Prospective memory includes h____ tasks, e____-______ tasks, and ____-_____ tasks.
Habit, event-based, time-based.
__________ and _________ memory are affected by age-related decline.
Retrospective, prospective.
TRUE OR FALSE: Age-related loss of memory is related to loss of info & inability to recall certain cues.
FALSE.
Age-related memory loss is about s_______ _____ of c___________ processing.
slowing speed of cognitive processing.
Prospective memory is affected by ____s, a________s, and d_________.
Moods, attitudes, depression.
When we perceive information, it must be changed into a form that can be ___________ once placed into memory.
remembered.
The first stage of infoprocessing:
Encoding.
The second stage of infoprocessing:
Storage.
The third stage of infoprocessing:
Retrieval.
To encode information into memory, we often use v_______, a_________, and s_________ codes.
Visual, acoustic, semantic.
Semantic codes include a_________s and other concepts that provide meaning.
Acronyms.
Storage involves m___________ info over time.
Maintaining.
Two methods of storage include m___________ and e_____________ rehearsal.
Maintenance, elaborative.
Maintenance rehearsal mainly consists of m________ r____________.
Mental repetition.
Elaborative rehearsal is a type of ______ in which new information is ___________ ____ known information.
Coding, associated with.
Retrieval is about _________ and _________ memory to consciousness.
Locating and returning.
Retrieval is difficult with ________ _______ of information and ___ information.
Large amounts, new.
Retrieval requires recollection of the __________ and _____ for decoding.
Memory, rules.
Improper retrieval often involves remembering a ____ for __________ or the _______ itself.
Rules for decoding, concept itself.
Psychologists Richard __________ and Richard _________ investigated sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
Atkinson, Shiffrin.
Sensory memory holds impressions just long enough to create _____________ ___________.
Psychological continuity.
Saccadic eye movements jump from point-to-point about _ times every second.
4.
The first stage of memory encountered is __________ memory.
Sensory.
A memory trace is a change in the n______ ______ reflecting a s__________.
Nervous system, stimulus.
Memory traces are held in a ___________ _________
Sensory register.
McDougall showed people _-__ letters arranged in ___s. Typically, people could only remember - of them.
1-12, rows. 4-5.
Sperling showed the difference between what people ___ and what they can ______.
See, report.
McDougall used a _____-report procedure.
Whole.
Sperling used a ________-report procedure.
Partial.
Sperling flashed _ rows of letters for __ milliseconds or _/__th of a second.
- 50 milliseconds. 1/20th of a second.
What did Sperling do to get a full row of letters form his viewers?
Pointed an arrow.
How successful were the viewers when Sperling presented 12 letters in 2 rows?
They got both rows correct.
How successful were the viewers when Sperling presented 12 letters in 3 rows?
They got 3-4 letters in the designated row: 9-12 perceived.
How successful were the viewers when Sperling delayed the arrow for a few fractions of a second after showing the letters?
They were less successful.
How successful were the viewers when Sperling delayed the arrow for a second after showing the letters?
The arrow did not help at all.
What did Sperling conclude about the decay of icon traces?
Icon traces fade within a second.
Icons are m______ r_____________ of a visual stimulus held b______ in sensory memory.
mental representations, briefly.
Iconic memory is a type of __________ _________.
Sensory register.
Which of these describes “the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes”?
a. Photographic memory
b. Iconic memory
c. Eidetic memory
d. Iedetic memory.
C.
The flow of sensory imagery seems continuous because:
Saccadic eye movements 4 per second, iconic memory holds icons for 1 second.
What is the auditory equivalent of icons?
Echoes
TRUE OR FALSE: Echoes last for much longer than icons.
TRUE.
Focusing on a stimulus in the sensory register will retain it in _____-____ memory for a minute or so.
Short-term.
Short-term memory is also referred to as _________ memory.
Working memory.
The serial-position effect relates to:
Our ability to remember the first and last items of a series.
The serial-position effect comes into play because 1. They serve as the audiovisual boundaries and 2. the first is more likely to be r_________ and the last is most r______.
Rehearsed, recent.
A chunk is a s_________ or group of s__________ perceived as a _________ piece.
Stimuli, discrete.
Miller learned that most people are comfortable remembering _ integers at a time.
7.
Why do companies pay more for phone numbers w/ repeated digits?
They contain fewer chunks.
Remembering chunks is easier when they are coded s___________.
Semantically.
“Counting down for __ seconds had dislodged (or displaced) the letter sequences in almost all the student’s memories.”
18.
In displacement, information leaves short term memory because of ___ i__________.
New information.
Information in short-term memory can be m_____________.
Manipulated.
Freud believed that all of our perceptions are stored p______________. This view is now seen as _________.
Permanently. Defunct.
When Penfield’s subjects were exposed to electric stimulation, they reported images that felt like m________.
Memories.
Loftus noted that memories are distorted by ____ and _____.
Bias and needs.
We represent the world thru s______.
Schemas.
Schemas can be ________ or ____________ which affect our perception of p_____, o______, and s_________. They are like the labels of images.
Beliefs, expectations. People, objects, situations.
Unlike hard drives, long-term memory is virtually u________.
Unlimited.
TRUE OR FALSE: Long term memories have been proven to be displaced as well.
FALSE
Longterm memories can ______ ___ a lifetime.
Endure for a lifetime.
We can temporarily “lose” long-term memories if we forget their ___.
Cue.
Elaborative rehearsal functions on a ________ level than maintenance rehearsal.
Deeper.
How do we memorize math?
Thru reapplying previously learned formulas and procedures.
Deep processing is connected with activity in the p_________ area of the c________ cortex.
Prefrontal, cerebral.
TRUE OR FALSE: Older adults don’t process information as deeply.
TRUE
Deep processing requires s____________ a__________.
Sustained attention.
Brain injuries and strokes can interfere with s________ attention (therefore ____ ___________)
Sustained, deep processing.
Flashbulb memories preserve information __ _______.
In detail.
Stimuli that stand out are easier to d___________.
Discriminate.
Certain feelings are associated with the release of s_____ ________, which in turn carve things into memory.
Stress hormones.
TRUE OR FALSE: Long-term memory is distinctly organized.
TRUE
Our brains use a _____________ structure to store long-term memory. (Zoology tree of life)
Hierarchical.
As we work our way up the hierarchy, we find s____________ classes.
Subordinate.
Tip-of-the-tongue is also referred to as the _______ __ ________ experience. It is the feeling that something is in memory, it just cannot be r________.
Feeling of knowing. Retrieved.
Brown and McNeill found that people with TotT are likely to either think of words with similar _________ or similar ________.
Meanings, sounds. Or, acoustic and semantic codes.
Other than retrieval, what are the 2 most likely other culprits for failed memory?
Encoding and storage.
_________-dependent memory’s retrieval is strongest when exposed to similar stimuli (as when encoded/stored) including language and location.
Context.
State-dependent memory is easiest retrieved when one is in the same E_________ or P____________ state as when originally encoded/stored.
emotional, physiological.
_____-dependent memories are extensions of _______-dependent memories.
State, context.
Nonsense syllables are sets of _ consonant(s) and _ vowel(s).
2, 1.
Nonsense syllables were first used by
a. Ebbinghaus
b. Bahrick
c. Smith
a.
Forgetfulness is measured by r____________, r______, and r__________. (Not “Retrieval”)
Recognition, recall, and relearning.
Multiple-choice tests use ___________ rather than _______.
Recognition, recall.
Bahrick found that __% of recent graduates and __% of ~40y graduates could distinguish between 1/5 real classmates and 4/5 fake classmates.
90%, 75%.
______________ is the easiest kind of memory task.
Recognition.
Paired associates are n__________ s_________ matched together.
Nonsense syllables.
Nonsense syllables just need _________ codes and _________ rehearsal.
Acoustic, maintenance.
81% of people estimating their high-school grades ________ the grade.
Inflated.
After our e__________ memory fails, we use relevant generic memories to fill in the gaps.
Episodic.
TRUE OR FALSE: Graduates out of school for 40+ years had the same amount of error in guessing their grades than graduates out of school for 8 years.
TRUE
Ebbinghaus invented the m_______ __ _______ to understand relearning.
Method of savings.
The method of savings deals with the amount of _____________ needed to learn/relearn something, and the differences wherein.
repetitions.
In the method of savings, “savings” are:
The differences between the repetitions after a given amount of time.
After an hour, it takes a ________ for retention to be cut in half once more.
Month.
TRUE OR FALSE: As time elapses, our forgetfulness quickens.
FALSE
Decay comes from a failure to attend to, to ________, and r_________ sensory information.
Encode, rehearse.
Decay and displacement can happen to _____-term memory.
Short.
TRUE OR FALSE: Interference theory refers to the interference of other learning with memory.
TRUE
Retroactive interference refers to that of ___ learning with the retrieval of ___ memories.
New, old.
Proactive interference refers to that of ___ learning with the retrieval of ___ memories.
Old, new.
TRUE OR FALSE: Retroactive and proactive interference is enhanced if the memories are similar.
TRUE
Psychoanalysts believe ____________ is at the heart of dissociative amnesia.
Repression.
Dissociative amnesia stems from p__________ conflict or ________.
Psychological, trauma.
Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to recall events prior to the age of _.
3
The ____________ does not mature until we are _.
Hippocampus, 2.
Low levels of _____________ also contributes to the inefficiency of information processing and memory formation at a young age. (HINT: It’s not a neurotransmitter)
Myelination.
TRUE OR FALSE: 0-3 year olds cannot recall events throughout this period.
FALSE
We learn ________ during our first 2-3 years of life.
Language.
Anterograde amnesia causes failure to remember ______ a physically traumatic event.
After.
Retrograde amnesia causes failure to remember _______ a physically traumatic event.
Before.
Engrams are hypothetical __________ ________ of memory.
Electrical circuits
The biology of memory is now focused on n_______, n______________, h_________, and brain _________.
Neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, structures.
TRUE OR FALSE: The words chosen by an experimenter can influence witnesses’s reconstruction.
TRUE
P_____________ are the most suggestible witnesses.
Preschoolers.
TRUE OR FALSE: Children cannot provide accurate testimony and thus cannot be used as witnesses.
FALSE
Some witnesses pay more attention to ____________ than height, weight, and facial features.
Clothing.
Identification is less accurate when the suspect are a different __________/_______ group.
Ethnic/racial.
Loftus concludes that witnesses are mostly __________ and still _____________.
Accurate, necessary.
TRUE OR FALSE: Interrogators can mislead witnesses with misleading suggestions.
TRUE
Witnesses are seen as more credible when they’re certain. What’s the problem here?
There is little evidence that this certainty is truthful.
TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma can interfere with all the processes of memory.
TRUE
Our memories may need to ____ for a while before entering long-term memory.
Rest.
Rats in stimulating environments have more ________ and _________ in the cerebral cortex than rats in impoverished environments.
Dendrites, synapses.
Storage involves c______________ among _____ _____.
Communication, brain cells.
Info from other senses is just as likely to change representative ___________ regions.
Cortical.
Experiences from several senses are stored in:
Numerous parts of the cortex.
Long-term potentiation is enhanced efficiency in __________ transmission.
Synaptic.
Long-term potentiation follows ______, ______ stimulation.
Brief, rapid.
Dendrites can participate in LTP by __________ branches attached to the transmitting ____.
Spurting, axon.
LTP leads to ____ error.
Less.
Exercise ___________ the ___________ of neurotransmitters.
Stimulates, production.
TRUE OR FALSE: Exercise can lead to the formation of new neurons.
TRUE
After exercise, some brain regions associated with semantic memory are ____ active.
Less (Takes less effort)
Memories rely on complex ________ ________.
Neural networks.
TRUE OR FALSE: Memories are stored in the hippocampus.
FALSE (It acts as a relay station)
The ________ ________ integrates memories stored in separate sensory cortexes, for _______.
Limbic system, recall.
The ________ _____ store info about where/when events occur, along with the _____________.
Frontal lobe, hippocampus.
Infantile amnesia is connected to i____________.
Immaturity.
The _________ cortex allows people to “go back in time” with memory, and motivates ________.
Prefrontal, recall.
The ___________ cortex plays a role in prospective memory.
Prefrontal.
Adults with damage to the hippocampus can form new __________ memories but not new e_________ memories. (Acquiring new skills without rememberinig how)
Procedural, episodic.
The ___________ is involved in verbal memories.
Thalamus.
Changes occur at ________ synapses.
Existing
When we learn, ___ _________ are developed.
New synapses.
