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Psychology Midterm p.2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explicit memory is also called ____________ memory.

A

Declarative.

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2
Q

Explicit memory states or reveals ____________ information.

A

Specific.

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3
Q

There are 2 types of explicit memory: ____________ and ___________.

A

Episodic and semantic.

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4
Q

Episodic memory is a type of __________ ________y.

A

Explicit memory.

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5
Q

Semantic memory is a type of ___________ _______y.

A

Explicit memory.

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6
Q

Prospective memories relate to the _________.

A

Future.

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7
Q

Retrospective memories relate to the ____.

A

Past.

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8
Q

Implicit memories are a type of _________________ __________y.

A

Retrospective memory.

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9
Q

Explicit memories are a type of _________________ __________y.

A

Retrospective memory.

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10
Q

Semantic memories are what you ____: t_____ and g_______ information.

A

know, trivia, general.

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11
Q

Episodic memories relate what happens to ___ and what ___ do.

A

Happens to you, what you do.

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12
Q

Material presented in class would be an example of _________ memory. (HINT: Starts with E, but not “Episodic.”)

A

Explicit.

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13
Q

Implicit memories are h__________.

A

Habitual.

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14
Q

Implicit memory is also called non__________ memory, p_________ memory, and _____ memory.

A

Nondeclarative, procedure, skill.

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15
Q

Implicit memories are i______ but generally not v_______ e___________.

A

Implied, verbally expressed.

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Implicit memories endure even when unused for years.

A

TRUE.

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17
Q

Implicit memories are (partly) responsible for the a_________ and m___________ _______.

A

Alphabet, multiplication tables.

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18
Q

Aside from implicit memories, the alphabet and multiplication tables are learned by p_______.

A

Priming.

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19
Q

Priming is “the activation of a_________ in memory, often as the result of r__________ and without c__________ effort.

A

Associations, repetition, conscious effort.

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Retrospective memories include activities.

A

TRUE.

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21
Q

Prospective memory generally is motivated by t___ or ______.

A

Time, events.

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22
Q

Prospective memory includes h____ tasks, e____-______ tasks, and ____-_____ tasks.

A

Habit, event-based, time-based.

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23
Q

__________ and _________ memory are affected by age-related decline.

A

Retrospective, prospective.

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Age-related loss of memory is related to loss of info & inability to recall certain cues.

A

FALSE.

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25
Q

Age-related memory loss is about s_______ _____ of c___________ processing.

A

slowing speed of cognitive processing.

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26
Q

Prospective memory is affected by ____s, a________s, and d_________.

A

Moods, attitudes, depression.

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27
Q

When we perceive information, it must be changed into a form that can be ___________ once placed into memory.

A

remembered.

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28
Q

The first stage of infoprocessing:

A

Encoding.

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29
Q

The second stage of infoprocessing:

A

Storage.

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30
Q

The third stage of infoprocessing:

A

Retrieval.

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31
Q

To encode information into memory, we often use v_______, a_________, and s_________ codes.

A

Visual, acoustic, semantic.

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32
Q

Semantic codes include a_________s and other concepts that provide meaning.

A

Acronyms.

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33
Q

Storage involves m___________ info over time.

A

Maintaining.

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34
Q

Two methods of storage include m___________ and e_____________ rehearsal.

A

Maintenance, elaborative.

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35
Q

Maintenance rehearsal mainly consists of m________ r____________.

A

Mental repetition.

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36
Q

Elaborative rehearsal is a type of ______ in which new information is ___________ ____ known information.

A

Coding, associated with.

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37
Q

Retrieval is about _________ and _________ memory to consciousness.

A

Locating and returning.

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38
Q

Retrieval is difficult with ________ _______ of information and ___ information.

A

Large amounts, new.

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39
Q

Retrieval requires recollection of the __________ and _____ for decoding.

A

Memory, rules.

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40
Q

Improper retrieval often involves remembering a ____ for __________ or the _______ itself.

A

Rules for decoding, concept itself.

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41
Q

Psychologists Richard __________ and Richard _________ investigated sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

A

Atkinson, Shiffrin.

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42
Q

Sensory memory holds impressions just long enough to create _____________ ___________.

A

Psychological continuity.

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43
Q

Saccadic eye movements jump from point-to-point about _ times every second.

A

4.

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44
Q

The first stage of memory encountered is __________ memory.

A

Sensory.

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45
Q

A memory trace is a change in the n______ ______ reflecting a s__________.

A

Nervous system, stimulus.

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46
Q

Memory traces are held in a ___________ _________

A

Sensory register.

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47
Q

McDougall showed people _-__ letters arranged in ___s. Typically, people could only remember - of them.

A

1-12, rows. 4-5.

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48
Q

Sperling showed the difference between what people ___ and what they can ______.

A

See, report.

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49
Q

McDougall used a _____-report procedure.

A

Whole.

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50
Q

Sperling used a ________-report procedure.

A

Partial.

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51
Q

Sperling flashed _ rows of letters for __ milliseconds or _/__th of a second.

A
  1. 50 milliseconds. 1/20th of a second.
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52
Q

What did Sperling do to get a full row of letters form his viewers?

A

Pointed an arrow.

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53
Q

How successful were the viewers when Sperling presented 12 letters in 2 rows?

A

They got both rows correct.

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54
Q

How successful were the viewers when Sperling presented 12 letters in 3 rows?

A

They got 3-4 letters in the designated row: 9-12 perceived.

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55
Q

How successful were the viewers when Sperling delayed the arrow for a few fractions of a second after showing the letters?

A

They were less successful.

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56
Q

How successful were the viewers when Sperling delayed the arrow for a second after showing the letters?

A

The arrow did not help at all.

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57
Q

What did Sperling conclude about the decay of icon traces?

A

Icon traces fade within a second.

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58
Q

Icons are m______ r_____________ of a visual stimulus held b______ in sensory memory.

A

mental representations, briefly.

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59
Q

Iconic memory is a type of __________ _________.

A

Sensory register.

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60
Q

Which of these describes “the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes”?
a. Photographic memory
b. Iconic memory
c. Eidetic memory
d. Iedetic memory.

A

C.

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61
Q

The flow of sensory imagery seems continuous because:

A

Saccadic eye movements 4 per second, iconic memory holds icons for 1 second.

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62
Q

What is the auditory equivalent of icons?

A

Echoes

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63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Echoes last for much longer than icons.

A

TRUE.

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64
Q

Focusing on a stimulus in the sensory register will retain it in _____-____ memory for a minute or so.

A

Short-term.

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65
Q

Short-term memory is also referred to as _________ memory.

A

Working memory.

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66
Q

The serial-position effect relates to:

A

Our ability to remember the first and last items of a series.

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67
Q

The serial-position effect comes into play because 1. They serve as the audiovisual boundaries and 2. the first is more likely to be r_________ and the last is most r______.

A

Rehearsed, recent.

68
Q

A chunk is a s_________ or group of s__________ perceived as a _________ piece.

A

Stimuli, discrete.

69
Q

Miller learned that most people are comfortable remembering _ integers at a time.

A

7.

70
Q

Why do companies pay more for phone numbers w/ repeated digits?

A

They contain fewer chunks.

71
Q

Remembering chunks is easier when they are coded s___________.

A

Semantically.

72
Q

“Counting down for __ seconds had dislodged (or displaced) the letter sequences in almost all the student’s memories.”

A

18.

73
Q

In displacement, information leaves short term memory because of ___ i__________.

A

New information.

74
Q

Information in short-term memory can be m_____________.

A

Manipulated.

75
Q

Freud believed that all of our perceptions are stored p______________. This view is now seen as _________.

A

Permanently. Defunct.

76
Q

When Penfield’s subjects were exposed to electric stimulation, they reported images that felt like m________.

A

Memories.

77
Q

Loftus noted that memories are distorted by ____ and _____.

A

Bias and needs.

78
Q

We represent the world thru s______.

A

Schemas.

79
Q

Schemas can be ________ or ____________ which affect our perception of p_____, o______, and s_________. They are like the labels of images.

A

Beliefs, expectations. People, objects, situations.

80
Q

Unlike hard drives, long-term memory is virtually u________.

A

Unlimited.

81
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Long term memories have been proven to be displaced as well.

A

FALSE

82
Q

Longterm memories can ______ ___ a lifetime.

A

Endure for a lifetime.

83
Q

We can temporarily “lose” long-term memories if we forget their ___.

A

Cue.

84
Q

Elaborative rehearsal functions on a ________ level than maintenance rehearsal.

A

Deeper.

85
Q

How do we memorize math?

A

Thru reapplying previously learned formulas and procedures.

86
Q

Deep processing is connected with activity in the p_________ area of the c________ cortex.

A

Prefrontal, cerebral.

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Older adults don’t process information as deeply.

A

TRUE

88
Q

Deep processing requires s____________ a__________.

A

Sustained attention.

89
Q

Brain injuries and strokes can interfere with s________ attention (therefore ____ ___________)

A

Sustained, deep processing.

90
Q

Flashbulb memories preserve information __ _______.

A

In detail.

91
Q

Stimuli that stand out are easier to d___________.

A

Discriminate.

92
Q

Certain feelings are associated with the release of s_____ ________, which in turn carve things into memory.

A

Stress hormones.

93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Long-term memory is distinctly organized.

A

TRUE

94
Q

Our brains use a _____________ structure to store long-term memory. (Zoology tree of life)

A

Hierarchical.

95
Q

As we work our way up the hierarchy, we find s____________ classes.

A

Subordinate.

96
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue is also referred to as the _______ __ ________ experience. It is the feeling that something is in memory, it just cannot be r________.

A

Feeling of knowing. Retrieved.

97
Q

Brown and McNeill found that people with TotT are likely to either think of words with similar _________ or similar ________.

A

Meanings, sounds. Or, acoustic and semantic codes.

98
Q

Other than retrieval, what are the 2 most likely other culprits for failed memory?

A

Encoding and storage.

99
Q

_________-dependent memory’s retrieval is strongest when exposed to similar stimuli (as when encoded/stored) including language and location.

A

Context.

100
Q

State-dependent memory is easiest retrieved when one is in the same E_________ or P____________ state as when originally encoded/stored.

A

emotional, physiological.

101
Q

_____-dependent memories are extensions of _______-dependent memories.

A

State, context.

102
Q

Nonsense syllables are sets of _ consonant(s) and _ vowel(s).

A

2, 1.

103
Q

Nonsense syllables were first used by
a. Ebbinghaus
b. Bahrick
c. Smith

A

a.

104
Q

Forgetfulness is measured by r____________, r______, and r__________. (Not “Retrieval”)

A

Recognition, recall, and relearning.

105
Q

Multiple-choice tests use ___________ rather than _______.

A

Recognition, recall.

106
Q

Bahrick found that __% of recent graduates and __% of ~40y graduates could distinguish between 1/5 real classmates and 4/5 fake classmates.

A

90%, 75%.

107
Q

______________ is the easiest kind of memory task.

A

Recognition.

108
Q

Paired associates are n__________ s_________ matched together.

A

Nonsense syllables.

109
Q

Nonsense syllables just need _________ codes and _________ rehearsal.

A

Acoustic, maintenance.

110
Q

81% of people estimating their high-school grades ________ the grade.

A

Inflated.

111
Q

After our e__________ memory fails, we use relevant generic memories to fill in the gaps.

A

Episodic.

112
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Graduates out of school for 40+ years had the same amount of error in guessing their grades than graduates out of school for 8 years.

A

TRUE

113
Q

Ebbinghaus invented the m_______ __ _______ to understand relearning.

A

Method of savings.

114
Q

The method of savings deals with the amount of _____________ needed to learn/relearn something, and the differences wherein.

A

repetitions.

115
Q

In the method of savings, “savings” are:

A

The differences between the repetitions after a given amount of time.

116
Q

After an hour, it takes a ________ for retention to be cut in half once more.

A

Month.

117
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: As time elapses, our forgetfulness quickens.

A

FALSE

118
Q

Decay comes from a failure to attend to, to ________, and r_________ sensory information.

A

Encode, rehearse.

119
Q

Decay and displacement can happen to _____-term memory.

A

Short.

120
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Interference theory refers to the interference of other learning with memory.

A

TRUE

121
Q

Retroactive interference refers to that of ___ learning with the retrieval of ___ memories.

A

New, old.

122
Q

Proactive interference refers to that of ___ learning with the retrieval of ___ memories.

A

Old, new.

123
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Retroactive and proactive interference is enhanced if the memories are similar.

A

TRUE

124
Q

Psychoanalysts believe ____________ is at the heart of dissociative amnesia.

A

Repression.

125
Q

Dissociative amnesia stems from p__________ conflict or ________.

A

Psychological, trauma.

126
Q

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to recall events prior to the age of _.

A

3

127
Q

The ____________ does not mature until we are _.

A

Hippocampus, 2.

128
Q

Low levels of _____________ also contributes to the inefficiency of information processing and memory formation at a young age. (HINT: It’s not a neurotransmitter)

A

Myelination.

129
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: 0-3 year olds cannot recall events throughout this period.

A

FALSE

130
Q

We learn ________ during our first 2-3 years of life.

A

Language.

131
Q

Anterograde amnesia causes failure to remember ______ a physically traumatic event.

A

After.

132
Q

Retrograde amnesia causes failure to remember _______ a physically traumatic event.

A

Before.

133
Q

Engrams are hypothetical __________ ________ of memory.

A

Electrical circuits

134
Q

The biology of memory is now focused on n_______, n______________, h_________, and brain _________.

A

Neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, structures.

135
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The words chosen by an experimenter can influence witnesses’s reconstruction.

A

TRUE

136
Q

P_____________ are the most suggestible witnesses.

A

Preschoolers.

137
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Children cannot provide accurate testimony and thus cannot be used as witnesses.

A

FALSE

138
Q

Some witnesses pay more attention to ____________ than height, weight, and facial features.

A

Clothing.

139
Q

Identification is less accurate when the suspect are a different __________/_______ group.

A

Ethnic/racial.

140
Q

Loftus concludes that witnesses are mostly __________ and still _____________.

A

Accurate, necessary.

141
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Interrogators can mislead witnesses with misleading suggestions.

A

TRUE

142
Q

Witnesses are seen as more credible when they’re certain. What’s the problem here?

A

There is little evidence that this certainty is truthful.

143
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Trauma can interfere with all the processes of memory.

A

TRUE

144
Q

Our memories may need to ____ for a while before entering long-term memory.

A

Rest.

145
Q

Rats in stimulating environments have more ________ and _________ in the cerebral cortex than rats in impoverished environments.

A

Dendrites, synapses.

146
Q

Storage involves c______________ among _____ _____.

A

Communication, brain cells.

147
Q

Info from other senses is just as likely to change representative ___________ regions.

A

Cortical.

148
Q

Experiences from several senses are stored in:

A

Numerous parts of the cortex.

149
Q

Long-term potentiation is enhanced efficiency in __________ transmission.

A

Synaptic.

150
Q

Long-term potentiation follows ______, ______ stimulation.

A

Brief, rapid.

151
Q

Dendrites can participate in LTP by __________ branches attached to the transmitting ____.

A

Spurting, axon.

152
Q

LTP leads to ____ error.

A

Less.

153
Q

Exercise ___________ the ___________ of neurotransmitters.

A

Stimulates, production.

154
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Exercise can lead to the formation of new neurons.

A

TRUE

155
Q

After exercise, some brain regions associated with semantic memory are ____ active.

A

Less (Takes less effort)

156
Q

Memories rely on complex ________ ________.

A

Neural networks.

157
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Memories are stored in the hippocampus.

A

FALSE (It acts as a relay station)

158
Q

The ________ ________ integrates memories stored in separate sensory cortexes, for _______.

A

Limbic system, recall.

159
Q

The ________ _____ store info about where/when events occur, along with the _____________.

A

Frontal lobe, hippocampus.

160
Q

Infantile amnesia is connected to i____________.

A

Immaturity.

161
Q

The _________ cortex allows people to “go back in time” with memory, and motivates ________.

A

Prefrontal, recall.

162
Q

The ___________ cortex plays a role in prospective memory.

A

Prefrontal.

163
Q

Adults with damage to the hippocampus can form new __________ memories but not new e_________ memories. (Acquiring new skills without rememberinig how)

A

Procedural, episodic.

164
Q

The ___________ is involved in verbal memories.

A

Thalamus.

165
Q

Changes occur at ________ synapses.

A

Existing

166
Q

When we learn, ___ _________ are developed.

A

New synapses.

Psychology Midterm p.2 (3 decks)

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