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Psychology Midterm p.2 > Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception, cont. > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception, cont. Flashcards

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1
Q

The transparent tissue that covers the surface of the eyeball is called:

A

The cornea.

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2
Q

What does light reach first in the eye?

A

The cornea.

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3
Q

Rods are rod-shaped p____________ that are sensitive to the intensity of _____.

A

Photoreceptors, light.

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4
Q

Cones are cone-shaped p___________ responsible for the transmission of ______ stimuli.

A

Photoreceptors, color.

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5
Q

The iris is the m__________ m________ whose d________ regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

A

muscular membrane, dilation.

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6
Q

The pupil is the _______ in the center of the iris.

A

Opening.

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The pupil allows light to enter the eye.

A

True.

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8
Q

The ____ is the transparent body ______ the iris that focuses an image on the r_____.

A

Lens, behind, retina.

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9
Q

The ______ is the area of the inner surface of the eye that contains ____, _____, g______, and b_______ _____.

A

Retina, rods, cones, ganglia, bipolar cells.

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10
Q

What part of the eye contains the rods and cones?

A

The retina.

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11
Q

______________ Are cells that respond to light.

A

Photoreceptors.

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12
Q

The l___ adjusts to an image by changing its ___________.

A

Lens, thickness.

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Rods, cones, ganglia, and bipolar cells are all neurons.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

The optic nerve transmits sensory stimulation to the __________ lobe. It is formed by the ____ of _________.

A

Occipital, axons, ganglia.

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15
Q

The area near the center of the retina dense with cones is called the _______. This is where vision is at its most _____.

A

Fovea, acute.

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16
Q

Rods are at their most dense ____ _________ of the ______.

A

just outside of the fovea.

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17
Q

_____ are more sensitive to dim light than _____ are.

A

Rods, cones.

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18
Q

Presbyopia refers to how l____ become more ________ in one’s __-__’s.

A

Lenses, brittle, 30-40’s.

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19
Q

The amount of light needed for detection is a function of the ________ of ____ spent in the ____.

A

Amount of time spent in the dark.

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20
Q

Dark adaption is adjusting to lower lighting by ________ the sensitivity of ____ and _____.

A

Increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones.

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21
Q

Cones reach maximum adaption to darkness in __ minutes.

A

10

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22
Q

Rods reach maximum adaption to darkness in __ minutes.

A

45

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: You adapt to brighter lighting much more rapidly than darker lighting.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

What are the 3 perceptual dimensions of color?

A

Hue, saturation, value.

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25
Q

The mixture of paint is a(n) (additive/subtractive) process.

A

Subtractive

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26
Q

The mixture of light is a(n) (additive/subtractive) process.

A

Additive

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27
Q

Trichromatic theory states that the eye must have three different types of ____, some sensitive to ___, some _____, others ____.

A

cones, red, green, blue.

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28
Q

Opponent-process theory states the eye must have 3 different types of cones, some sensitive to ___ or ______, some ____ or ______, and some to _____.

A

Red or green, blue or yellow, value.

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29
Q

Closure is the tendency to perceive a ________ figure as being _________ or _____.

A

Broken, complete or whole.

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30
Q

Perceptual organization is the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into _____________ p______s.

A

Meaningful patterns.

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31
Q

Proximity is the tendency to group together objects that are ____ each other.

A

Near.

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32
Q

Similarity is the tendency to group together objects that are _________ in _________.

A

Similar in appearance.

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33
Q

Continuity is the tendency to perceive a ______ of ______ or _____ as having unity.

A

Series, points, lines.

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34
Q

Common fate is the tendency to perceive elements that ____ together as belonging together.

A

move.

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35
Q

Top-down processing is using the __________ _____ to solve the _______.

A

Complete image, pieces.

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36
Q

(Top/bottom)-down processing best applies to being thrown into a new social situation.

A

Bottom.

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37
Q

(Top/bottom)-down processing best applies to approaching something with a goal or idea in mind.

A

Top.

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38
Q

Illusions are __________ that give rise to mis__________.

A

Sensations, misperceptions.

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39
Q

Stroboscopic motion is a ________ where the perception of motion is generated by a series of ___________ images presented in ______ __________.

A

Illusion, stationary, rapid succession.

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40
Q

Distant objects s_________ (smaller/larger) areas on the r________ than nearby ones.

A

Smaller, retina.

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41
Q

Perspective is a __________ cue for depth.

A

Monocular.

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42
Q

Perspective is based on the _______ ___________ of parallel lines.

A

Coming together.

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43
Q

The clearness of an object suggests its d_________.

A

Distance.

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44
Q

Opaque objects produce _________.

A

Shadows.

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45
Q

Monocular cues: p________, r______ ____, c_______, o_________, s________, m_______ cues, m______ p______, and t______ gradient.

A

Perspective, relative size, clearness, overlapping, shadows, motion cues, motion parallax, and texture gradient.

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46
Q

Motion parallax is based on the perception that _________ objects seem to move more r______ in relation to our own motion.

A

Nearby, rapidly.

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47
Q

Binocular cues include r_______ _________ and c___________.

A

Retinal disparity, convergence.

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48
Q

Retinal disparity is based on the d________ in an image cast by an object on the r_________ of the eyes as the object moves closer/further.

A

difference, retinas.

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49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Farther objects have greater retinal disparity, as opposed to closer objects.

A

FALSE.

50
Q

Convergence is based on the ________ movement of the eyes as they focus on an object _______ _______.

A

Inward, coming closer.

51
Q

The Hering-Helmholtz illusion uses __________ lines to make the image appear ____, while the Muller-Lyer illusion uses r________ a_________ to disguise similar ________. The latter is probably a result of __________.

A

Radiating, bent, reversed arrowheads, lengths, experience.

52
Q

Hearing requires a _______ like ___ or ______ where sound can travel.

A

Medium, air, water.

53
Q

The ear is sensitive to __-______Hz soundwaves.

A

20-20,000.

54
Q

Hertz represents the ______ ___ _______ of a soundwave.

A

Cycles per second.

55
Q

Decibels represent the _________ or __________ of a sound.

A

Loudness or amplitude.

56
Q

The threshold of hearing, equivalent of “hearing a ticking watch 20 feet away,” is:

A

0dB.

57
Q

We detect differences in pitch because of pitch detectors in the _______.

A

Brain.

58
Q

25dB is equal to a ________ at _ feet.

A

Whisper, 5 feet.

59
Q

Hearing damage can result from __-__dB if exposed for long periods.

A

85-90dB.

60
Q

The ear vibrates __ __________ with soundwaves.

A

In sympathy.

61
Q

The ear has _ parts.

A

3.

62
Q

The outer ear is shaped to _______ soundwaves to the ________.

A

Funnel, eardrum.

63
Q

The eardrum is a ____ _________ that vibrates in response to soundwaves + transmits them.

A

Thin membrane.

64
Q

The middle ear contains the eardrum, the m______, the i______, and the s_____.

A

Malleus, incus, stapes.

65
Q

The middle ear is best described as an a_________, ________ the pressure of air entering.

A

Amplifier, increasing.

66
Q

The s______ is attached to the ______ _______, another virating membrane.

A

Stapes, oval window.

67
Q

The o___ _______ works with the ______ ________ to balance pressure in the inner ear.

A

Oval window, round window.

68
Q

The round window ________ outward when the oval window __________ in, and is ________ inward when the oval window _________ outward.

A

Pushes, pushes, pulled, vibrates.

69
Q

What transmits vibrations into the inner ear?

A

The oval window.

70
Q

The inner ear is also called the c_______, a snail shape.

A

Cochlea.

71
Q

The cochlea contains _ ___________ membranes that divide it into _ ______-_________ chambers.

A

2 longitudinal, 3 fluid-filled chambers.

72
Q

One of the longitudinal membranes in the cochlea is the b_________ membrane.

A

Basiliar.

73
Q

There’s something important attached to the basiliar membrane: what is it?

A

The organ of Corti.

74
Q

What is called “the command post of hearing?”

A

The organ of Corti.

75
Q

What cells project from the organ of Corti, and how many are there?

A

Receptor or “hair” cells, ~16,000.

76
Q

Receptor/hair cells dance in response to the vibrations of the _________ ________.

A

Basiliar membrane.

77
Q

What do receptor/hair cells generate?

A

Neural impulses.

78
Q

What conducts the neural impulses from hair cells to the _______ lobe?

A

The auditory nerve, temporal.

79
Q

Pitch perception = sound waves varying in frequency from __ - _______Hz.

A

20-20,000.

80
Q

Place theory states that pitch is determined by the _______ of the ________ _________ that ________ in response.

A

Section, basiliar membrane, vibrates.

81
Q

In place theory, the higher pitch, the closer responsive neurons are to the _____ ________.

A

Oval window.

82
Q

Place theory only applies to pitches that are __ _____ ____Hz.

A

at least 4000Hz.

83
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Frequency theory deals with high pitches.

A

FALSE

84
Q

Frequency theory states that ________ _____ must _____ the frequencies of the soundwaves.

A

Receptor cells.

85
Q

Hypothetically, frequency theory deals with __-____Hz due to neuron firing limitations. In practice, it only really deals with __Hz to a ___ _______ Hz.

A

20-1000. 10 - a few hundred.

86
Q

Neurons cannot fire more than ____ times per second.

A

1000

87
Q

In volley principle, groups of neurons ____ _____ firing: also called __________ firing.

A

Take turns, alternate.

88
Q

Volley principle makes up for pitches between a ___ _______ and ____Hz.

A

Few hundred, 4000.

89
Q

More than _ in __ Americans have hearing impairments, and 1 in ___ cannot hear at all.

A

1 in 10, 1 in 100.

90
Q

Conductive deafness comes from damage to parts of the ______ ear.

A

Middle.

91
Q

Older people generally have _________ deafness.

A

Conductive deafness.

92
Q

Sensorineural deafness stems from damage to the _____ ear, most often ____ _____. It can also stem from damage to the __________ _____.

A

Inner, hair cells. Auditory nerve.

93
Q

Sensorineural deafness can come from _______ or exposure to ____ _____.

A

Disease, loud sound.

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: People with sensorineural deafness are more sensitive to some pitches than others.

A

TRUE.

95
Q

The ringing sensation following loud sounds likely refers to damage in ____ _____.

A

Hair cells.

96
Q

Hunter’s Notch refers to hearing damage from ___ _______.

A

Gun firing.

97
Q

Cochlear implants can replace damaged ____ _____ but not damaged _________ ______.

A

Hair cells, auditory nerves.

98
Q

The chemical senses are ______ and ______.

A

Smell and taste.

99
Q

Receptor cells sensitive to taste are called _____ _____.

A

Taste cells.

100
Q

The sensory organs for taste (containing _____ cells) are called _____ ____.

A

Taste, taste buds.

101
Q

People generally have around __,____ taste buds.

A

10,000

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Smell contributes to the flavor of food.

A

TRUE

103
Q

We can detect the odor of a m_______th of a m_________ of vanilla in a l____ of air.

A

Millionth, milligram, liter.

104
Q

Odors trigger receptor neurons to fire in the o_______ m_______.

A

Olfactory membrane.

105
Q

The olfactory membrane is ____ in each _______.

A

High, nostril.

106
Q

The (flavor/taste) of a food is more complex than the (flavor/taste) alone.

A

Flavor, taste.

107
Q

Flavor depends on o____, t________, t_________ and t____.

A

Odor, texture, temperature, and taste.

108
Q

We have distinct sensory receptors for p________, t___________, and p___.

A

Pressure, temperature, and pain.

109
Q

Nerve endings are more densely packed in the f_________ and f___.

A

Fingertips and face.

110
Q

Sensations of temperature are r________.

A

Relative.

111
Q

Pain results from neurons called n___________ in the skin.

A

Nocireceptors.

112
Q

/ veteran amputees report phantom limb pain.

A

2/3.

113
Q

Phantom limb pain can be traced to the _________ of _______ in the ______ of the limb.

A

Activation of nerves, stump.

114
Q

The gate theory of pain states that _____ neurons can only simultaneously transmit a certain amount of pain-information at a time, therefore ___________ of _______ from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region.

A

spinal, simulation of neurons.

115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Acupuncture releases endorphins and cortisol (a stress hormone).

A

TRUE

116
Q

Acupuncture stimulates nerves that reach the h__________.

A

Hypothalamus.

117
Q

Kinesthesis is a ______ which tells us of the p______ and m_____ of parts of the body.

A

Sense, positions, motions.

118
Q

In kinesthesis, sensory info starts in _______ ______ in the ______, ______, and _______, and goes to the _______.

A

Sensory organs, joints, tendons, muscles, brain.

119
Q

The vestibular sense deals with the _______ position.

A

Upright.

120
Q

Your vestibular sense is monitored by sensory organs located in the _________ ______ & other parts of the ___.

A

Semicircular canals, ear.

121
Q

Parapsychological means standing ______ psychology, ___ _____ a part of it.

A

Along, not being.

Psychology Midterm p.2 (3 decks)

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