Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception, cont. Flashcards
The transparent tissue that covers the surface of the eyeball is called:
The cornea.
What does light reach first in the eye?
The cornea.
Rods are rod-shaped p____________ that are sensitive to the intensity of _____.
Photoreceptors, light.
Cones are cone-shaped p___________ responsible for the transmission of ______ stimuli.
Photoreceptors, color.
The iris is the m__________ m________ whose d________ regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
muscular membrane, dilation.
The pupil is the _______ in the center of the iris.
Opening.
TRUE OR FALSE: The pupil allows light to enter the eye.
True.
The ____ is the transparent body ______ the iris that focuses an image on the r_____.
Lens, behind, retina.
The ______ is the area of the inner surface of the eye that contains ____, _____, g______, and b_______ _____.
Retina, rods, cones, ganglia, bipolar cells.
What part of the eye contains the rods and cones?
The retina.
______________ Are cells that respond to light.
Photoreceptors.
The l___ adjusts to an image by changing its ___________.
Lens, thickness.
TRUE OR FALSE: Rods, cones, ganglia, and bipolar cells are all neurons.
TRUE
The optic nerve transmits sensory stimulation to the __________ lobe. It is formed by the ____ of _________.
Occipital, axons, ganglia.
The area near the center of the retina dense with cones is called the _______. This is where vision is at its most _____.
Fovea, acute.
Rods are at their most dense ____ _________ of the ______.
just outside of the fovea.
_____ are more sensitive to dim light than _____ are.
Rods, cones.
Presbyopia refers to how l____ become more ________ in one’s __-__’s.
Lenses, brittle, 30-40’s.
The amount of light needed for detection is a function of the ________ of ____ spent in the ____.
Amount of time spent in the dark.
Dark adaption is adjusting to lower lighting by ________ the sensitivity of ____ and _____.
Increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones.
Cones reach maximum adaption to darkness in __ minutes.
10
Rods reach maximum adaption to darkness in __ minutes.
45
TRUE OR FALSE: You adapt to brighter lighting much more rapidly than darker lighting.
TRUE
What are the 3 perceptual dimensions of color?
Hue, saturation, value.
The mixture of paint is a(n) (additive/subtractive) process.
Subtractive
The mixture of light is a(n) (additive/subtractive) process.
Additive
Trichromatic theory states that the eye must have three different types of ____, some sensitive to ___, some _____, others ____.
cones, red, green, blue.
Opponent-process theory states the eye must have 3 different types of cones, some sensitive to ___ or ______, some ____ or ______, and some to _____.
Red or green, blue or yellow, value.
Closure is the tendency to perceive a ________ figure as being _________ or _____.
Broken, complete or whole.
Perceptual organization is the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into _____________ p______s.
Meaningful patterns.
Proximity is the tendency to group together objects that are ____ each other.
Near.
Similarity is the tendency to group together objects that are _________ in _________.
Similar in appearance.
Continuity is the tendency to perceive a ______ of ______ or _____ as having unity.
Series, points, lines.
Common fate is the tendency to perceive elements that ____ together as belonging together.
move.
Top-down processing is using the __________ _____ to solve the _______.
Complete image, pieces.
(Top/bottom)-down processing best applies to being thrown into a new social situation.
Bottom.
(Top/bottom)-down processing best applies to approaching something with a goal or idea in mind.
Top.
Illusions are __________ that give rise to mis__________.
Sensations, misperceptions.
Stroboscopic motion is a ________ where the perception of motion is generated by a series of ___________ images presented in ______ __________.
Illusion, stationary, rapid succession.
Distant objects s_________ (smaller/larger) areas on the r________ than nearby ones.
Smaller, retina.
Perspective is a __________ cue for depth.
Monocular.
Perspective is based on the _______ ___________ of parallel lines.
Coming together.
The clearness of an object suggests its d_________.
Distance.
Opaque objects produce _________.
Shadows.
Monocular cues: p________, r______ ____, c_______, o_________, s________, m_______ cues, m______ p______, and t______ gradient.
Perspective, relative size, clearness, overlapping, shadows, motion cues, motion parallax, and texture gradient.
Motion parallax is based on the perception that _________ objects seem to move more r______ in relation to our own motion.
Nearby, rapidly.
Binocular cues include r_______ _________ and c___________.
Retinal disparity, convergence.
Retinal disparity is based on the d________ in an image cast by an object on the r_________ of the eyes as the object moves closer/further.
difference, retinas.
TRUE OR FALSE: Farther objects have greater retinal disparity, as opposed to closer objects.
FALSE.
Convergence is based on the ________ movement of the eyes as they focus on an object _______ _______.
Inward, coming closer.
The Hering-Helmholtz illusion uses __________ lines to make the image appear ____, while the Muller-Lyer illusion uses r________ a_________ to disguise similar ________. The latter is probably a result of __________.
Radiating, bent, reversed arrowheads, lengths, experience.
Hearing requires a _______ like ___ or ______ where sound can travel.
Medium, air, water.
The ear is sensitive to __-______Hz soundwaves.
20-20,000.
Hertz represents the ______ ___ _______ of a soundwave.
Cycles per second.
Decibels represent the _________ or __________ of a sound.
Loudness or amplitude.
The threshold of hearing, equivalent of “hearing a ticking watch 20 feet away,” is:
0dB.
We detect differences in pitch because of pitch detectors in the _______.
Brain.
25dB is equal to a ________ at _ feet.
Whisper, 5 feet.
Hearing damage can result from __-__dB if exposed for long periods.
85-90dB.
The ear vibrates __ __________ with soundwaves.
In sympathy.
The ear has _ parts.
3.
The outer ear is shaped to _______ soundwaves to the ________.
Funnel, eardrum.
The eardrum is a ____ _________ that vibrates in response to soundwaves + transmits them.
Thin membrane.
The middle ear contains the eardrum, the m______, the i______, and the s_____.
Malleus, incus, stapes.
The middle ear is best described as an a_________, ________ the pressure of air entering.
Amplifier, increasing.
The s______ is attached to the ______ _______, another virating membrane.
Stapes, oval window.
The o___ _______ works with the ______ ________ to balance pressure in the inner ear.
Oval window, round window.
The round window ________ outward when the oval window __________ in, and is ________ inward when the oval window _________ outward.
Pushes, pushes, pulled, vibrates.
What transmits vibrations into the inner ear?
The oval window.
The inner ear is also called the c_______, a snail shape.
Cochlea.
The cochlea contains _ ___________ membranes that divide it into _ ______-_________ chambers.
2 longitudinal, 3 fluid-filled chambers.
One of the longitudinal membranes in the cochlea is the b_________ membrane.
Basiliar.
There’s something important attached to the basiliar membrane: what is it?
The organ of Corti.
What is called “the command post of hearing?”
The organ of Corti.
What cells project from the organ of Corti, and how many are there?
Receptor or “hair” cells, ~16,000.
Receptor/hair cells dance in response to the vibrations of the _________ ________.
Basiliar membrane.
What do receptor/hair cells generate?
Neural impulses.
What conducts the neural impulses from hair cells to the _______ lobe?
The auditory nerve, temporal.
Pitch perception = sound waves varying in frequency from __ - _______Hz.
20-20,000.
Place theory states that pitch is determined by the _______ of the ________ _________ that ________ in response.
Section, basiliar membrane, vibrates.
In place theory, the higher pitch, the closer responsive neurons are to the _____ ________.
Oval window.
Place theory only applies to pitches that are __ _____ ____Hz.
at least 4000Hz.
TRUE OR FALSE: Frequency theory deals with high pitches.
FALSE
Frequency theory states that ________ _____ must _____ the frequencies of the soundwaves.
Receptor cells.
Hypothetically, frequency theory deals with __-____Hz due to neuron firing limitations. In practice, it only really deals with __Hz to a ___ _______ Hz.
20-1000. 10 - a few hundred.
Neurons cannot fire more than ____ times per second.
1000
In volley principle, groups of neurons ____ _____ firing: also called __________ firing.
Take turns, alternate.
Volley principle makes up for pitches between a ___ _______ and ____Hz.
Few hundred, 4000.
More than _ in __ Americans have hearing impairments, and 1 in ___ cannot hear at all.
1 in 10, 1 in 100.
Conductive deafness comes from damage to parts of the ______ ear.
Middle.
Older people generally have _________ deafness.
Conductive deafness.
Sensorineural deafness stems from damage to the _____ ear, most often ____ _____. It can also stem from damage to the __________ _____.
Inner, hair cells. Auditory nerve.
Sensorineural deafness can come from _______ or exposure to ____ _____.
Disease, loud sound.
TRUE OR FALSE: People with sensorineural deafness are more sensitive to some pitches than others.
TRUE.
The ringing sensation following loud sounds likely refers to damage in ____ _____.
Hair cells.
Hunter’s Notch refers to hearing damage from ___ _______.
Gun firing.
Cochlear implants can replace damaged ____ _____ but not damaged _________ ______.
Hair cells, auditory nerves.
The chemical senses are ______ and ______.
Smell and taste.
Receptor cells sensitive to taste are called _____ _____.
Taste cells.
The sensory organs for taste (containing _____ cells) are called _____ ____.
Taste, taste buds.
People generally have around __,____ taste buds.
10,000
TRUE OR FALSE: Smell contributes to the flavor of food.
TRUE
We can detect the odor of a m_______th of a m_________ of vanilla in a l____ of air.
Millionth, milligram, liter.
Odors trigger receptor neurons to fire in the o_______ m_______.
Olfactory membrane.
The olfactory membrane is ____ in each _______.
High, nostril.
The (flavor/taste) of a food is more complex than the (flavor/taste) alone.
Flavor, taste.
Flavor depends on o____, t________, t_________ and t____.
Odor, texture, temperature, and taste.
We have distinct sensory receptors for p________, t___________, and p___.
Pressure, temperature, and pain.
Nerve endings are more densely packed in the f_________ and f___.
Fingertips and face.
Sensations of temperature are r________.
Relative.
Pain results from neurons called n___________ in the skin.
Nocireceptors.
/ veteran amputees report phantom limb pain.
2/3.
Phantom limb pain can be traced to the _________ of _______ in the ______ of the limb.
Activation of nerves, stump.
The gate theory of pain states that _____ neurons can only simultaneously transmit a certain amount of pain-information at a time, therefore ___________ of _______ from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region.
spinal, simulation of neurons.
TRUE OR FALSE: Acupuncture releases endorphins and cortisol (a stress hormone).
TRUE
Acupuncture stimulates nerves that reach the h__________.
Hypothalamus.
Kinesthesis is a ______ which tells us of the p______ and m_____ of parts of the body.
Sense, positions, motions.
In kinesthesis, sensory info starts in _______ ______ in the ______, ______, and _______, and goes to the _______.
Sensory organs, joints, tendons, muscles, brain.
The vestibular sense deals with the _______ position.
Upright.
Your vestibular sense is monitored by sensory organs located in the _________ ______ & other parts of the ___.
Semicircular canals, ear.
Parapsychological means standing ______ psychology, ___ _____ a part of it.
Along, not being.
