chapter 6 Flashcards
Living organisms live at the expense of other organisms in the process of ___________
obtaining energy
enum: (3)
characteristics each kind of organism have to obtain and digest their food
structural
physiological
behavioral
id: (2) Species interactions that may benefit the two organisms
mutualism
symbiosis
id: (1) Species interactions that may harm the two organisms
competition
id: (3) Species interactions that may benefit one but harm the other
predation
herbivory
parasitism
id: (1) Species interactions that may benefit one but not harm the other
commensalism
Competition Occurs when a _______________ is Lacking
Resource
id: competition that occurs between individuals belonging to the same species
Intraspecific competition
id: competition that occurs when the individuals come from different species and both can occur at the same time
interspecific competition
enum: (3) Among plants, intraspecific competition may be for ____________________
nutrients
water
sunlight
ToF: competition for sunlight is sometimes more intense than the below ground competition
false, it’s the other way around
When there is competition for water or nutrients, plants tend to invest more in the formation of (shoots, roots) than (shoots, roots)
roots; shoots
id: what do you call this phenomenon
At the start of the growing season, many seeds of a particular plant species may germinate and the plants that grow become crowded. As time passes, some of the plants die because of competition for soil nutrients and water. The remaining plants will then show faster growth because of more nutrients available, and hence, have greater biomass
self- thinning
enum: (3)
ways to reduce intraspecific competition
- young members of an animal population may disperse to less crowded areas
- animals with strong territorial instincts: adults keep out their offspring or trespassing adults from their vicinity which minimizes competition
- resource partitioning or niche differentiation (also in interspecific competition)
ToF: Interspecific competition is not always a straightforward, direct interaction
true
An Organism’s _______ Describes the Physical and Chemical Requirements of an Organism, the Effects of other Organisms on Its Survival, Growth and Reproduction and Its Effects
on Other Organisms
Niche
The place where an organism lives (its address) is the organism’s __________ while the role of the species in its community is its _________ - also known as ___________ role.
habitat; niche; ecological role
Hutchinson defined the niche as all the _________ and ___________ requirements of an organism and the effects of other organisms on its __________ and ______________
physical and chemical;
survival and reproduction
id: russian ecologist that stated the competitive exclusion principle
Russian ecologist, Gause (1937)
what is the competitive exclusion principle?
no two species having identical niches or requirements can co-exist indefinitely
what experiment was conducted for the competitive exclusion principle?
he grew Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia in different test tubes and added constant amounts of food every day, the two populations reached their respective carrying capacity. However, when he grew them in the same test tube, P. aurelia survived while P. caudatum was eliminated due to competition for food, since the two species had the same niche
id: refers to the multidimensional space (in terms of temperature, ph, salinity, sunlight, etc.) which an organism can occupy in the absence of competitors, predators, etc
fundamental niche
id: refers to the smaller multidimensional space actually occupied by the organism because of the presence of certain biotic constraints, like predators
realized niche
The fundamental niche of G. saxatile and G. sylvestre included both acidic and basic soils. However, due to competition with G. sylvestre, the realized niche of G. saxatile was narrowed down to (basic, acidic) soil; on the other hand, the realized niche of G. sylvestre was narrowed down to (basic, acidic) soil.
acidic; basic
the fundamental niche of Chthamalus sp. is from the upper to the lower intertidal zones since it can live in these three zones . However, its realized niche is only the (lower, middle, upper) intertidal zone because it cannot live indefinitely in the (lower, middle, upper) and (lower, middle, upper) zone due to the presence of a competitor, Balanus sp. As to Balanus sp., its realized niche coincides with its fundamental niche. It cannot survive in the (lower, middle, upper) zone because of the danger of drying up due to the physical conditions there at low tide.
upper; middle; lower; upper
niche differentiation is still reversible, such that G. saxatile can still grow in basic soil and G. sylvestre in acidic soil. Campbell (1996) states that niche differentiation is the “___________________.”
ghost of competition past
The effect of competition is to reduce the _____________ of the competing species.
fitness
id: the process of evolution which results in divergence of traits in competing species
character displacement
example: Galapagos finches
Where they are (sympatric, allopatric), the size of their beaks is similar. When they occur in the same island, however, the sizes of their beaks are very different. The different sizes of the beaks in the (sympatric, allopatric) species show that evolution has reduced the _________________.
allopatric; sympatric; niche overlap
id: The evolutionary response to competition
a change in the fundamental niche
Competition helps _________________________ by affecting the local distribution of species
shape a community
When a species is brought to another place where it is not found naturally, its population density often (decreases, increases)
increases
ToF: Introduction of an exotic or introduced species in an area where it is not naturally found contribute in structuring communities
true, because of competition
ToF: The native species outcompetes the exotic or introduced species that can lead to the extinction of the species
false, it’s the other way around
Mutualistic Relationships on Earth Have Tremendously Contributed to Higher ______________
Biodiversity
Mutualism is the interaction between two species where the ____________ of the two species is increased
fitness
id: type of mutualism
two species cannot survive without the other
obligatory mutualism
id: type of mutualism
two species can live separately from each other
facultative mutualism
in _____________, the fungi form a netlike structure around root cells that increase the __________________ for absorption of nutrients, which are held by ______________ charged soil particles.
in exchange, fungi obtain _________________________ exuding from the roots of plants
mycorrhizae; surface area; negatively; organic substances
id: Species Interactions where One Species Benefits while the Other is Harmed
exploitation
________________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.
herbivores
________________ kill and consume other organisms, usually other animals.
Predators
________________ live on the tissues of their host, often reducing the fitness of the host but generally, not killing them.
Parasites
_______________ cause disease in their hosts.
Pathogens
id: species have similar pattern or color as their background
camouflage
id: certain species that are venomous have distinct patterns or bright coloration to warn away enemies
- give examples
aposematism
- frogs, sea snakes
id: certain harmless species resemble poisonous or unpalatable ones to gain protection from predators when the latter remember a bad experience with the actually toxic organism
batesian mimicry
id: different species, both or all of which are harmful or poisonous, resemble one another
- give examples
mullerian mimicry
- similarity in coloration and markings in the wings and size of the monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly
id: (mechanism of animals)
similarity in appearance works as an added advantage because potential predators do not try to eat the species that they have not yet tasted because of a previous bad experience with the other species which looks similar to the former
mullerian mimicry
ToF: Exploitative interactions does not have more subtle aspects and more far-reaching effects
false
enum: (3)
Factors that Influence the Population Distribution and Abundance of Host or Prey Populations
predators
parasites
pathogens
id: situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites
refuges
why is body considered a refuge?
larger individuals have less chances of being eaten because of the difficulty in capturing and consuming them and the energy involved in catching them is greater than the energy that will be obtained by consuming them
