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Eco lec finals > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Living organisms live at the expense of other organisms in the process of ___________

A

obtaining energy

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2
Q

enum: (3)
characteristics each kind of organism have to obtain and digest their food

A

structural
physiological
behavioral

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3
Q

id: (2) Species interactions that may benefit the two organisms

A

mutualism
symbiosis

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4
Q

id: (1) Species interactions that may harm the two organisms

A

competition

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5
Q

id: (3) Species interactions that may benefit one but harm the other

A

predation
herbivory
parasitism

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6
Q

id: (1) Species interactions that may benefit one but not harm the other

A

commensalism

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7
Q

Competition Occurs when a _______________ is Lacking

A

Resource

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8
Q

id: competition that occurs between individuals belonging to the same species

A

Intraspecific competition

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9
Q

id: competition that occurs when the individuals come from different species and both can occur at the same time

A

interspecific competition

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10
Q

enum: (3) Among plants, intraspecific competition may be for ____________________

A

nutrients
water
sunlight

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11
Q

ToF: competition for sunlight is sometimes more intense than the below ground competition

A

false, it’s the other way around

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12
Q

When there is competition for water or nutrients, plants tend to invest more in the formation of (shoots, roots) than (shoots, roots)

A

roots; shoots

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13
Q

id: what do you call this phenomenon

At the start of the growing season, many seeds of a particular plant species may germinate and the plants that grow become crowded. As time passes, some of the plants die because of competition for soil nutrients and water. The remaining plants will then show faster growth because of more nutrients available, and hence, have greater biomass

A

self- thinning

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14
Q

enum: (3)
ways to reduce intraspecific competition

A
  • young members of an animal population may disperse to less crowded areas
  • animals with strong territorial instincts: adults keep out their offspring or trespassing adults from their vicinity which minimizes competition
  • resource partitioning or niche differentiation (also in interspecific competition)
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15
Q

ToF: Interspecific competition is not always a straightforward, direct interaction

A

true

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16
Q

An Organism’s _______ Describes the Physical and Chemical Requirements of an Organism, the Effects of other Organisms on Its Survival, Growth and Reproduction and Its Effects
on Other Organisms

A

Niche

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17
Q

The place where an organism lives (its address) is the organism’s __________ while the role of the species in its community is its _________ - also known as ___________ role.

A

habitat; niche; ecological role

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18
Q

Hutchinson defined the niche as all the _________ and ___________ requirements of an organism and the effects of other organisms on its __________ and ______________

A

physical and chemical;
survival and reproduction

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19
Q

id: russian ecologist that stated the competitive exclusion principle

A

Russian ecologist, Gause (1937)

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20
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

no two species having identical niches or requirements can co-exist indefinitely

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21
Q

what experiment was conducted for the competitive exclusion principle?

A

he grew Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia in different test tubes and added constant amounts of food every day, the two populations reached their respective carrying capacity. However, when he grew them in the same test tube, P. aurelia survived while P. caudatum was eliminated due to competition for food, since the two species had the same niche

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22
Q

id: refers to the multidimensional space (in terms of temperature, ph, salinity, sunlight, etc.) which an organism can occupy in the absence of competitors, predators, etc

A

fundamental niche

23
Q

id: refers to the smaller multidimensional space actually occupied by the organism because of the presence of certain biotic constraints, like predators

A

realized niche

24
Q

The fundamental niche of G. saxatile and G. sylvestre included both acidic and basic soils. However, due to competition with G. sylvestre, the realized niche of G. saxatile was narrowed down to (basic, acidic) soil; on the other hand, the realized niche of G. sylvestre was narrowed down to (basic, acidic) soil.

A

acidic; basic

25
Q

the fundamental niche of Chthamalus sp. is from the upper to the lower intertidal zones since it can live in these three zones . However, its realized niche is only the (lower, middle, upper) intertidal zone because it cannot live indefinitely in the (lower, middle, upper) and (lower, middle, upper) zone due to the presence of a competitor, Balanus sp. As to Balanus sp., its realized niche coincides with its fundamental niche. It cannot survive in the (lower, middle, upper) zone because of the danger of drying up due to the physical conditions there at low tide.

A

upper; middle; lower; upper

26
Q

niche differentiation is still reversible, such that G. saxatile can still grow in basic soil and G. sylvestre in acidic soil. Campbell (1996) states that niche differentiation is the “___________________.”

A

ghost of competition past

27
Q

The effect of competition is to reduce the _____________ of the competing species.

A

fitness

28
Q

id: the process of evolution which results in divergence of traits in competing species

A

character displacement
example: Galapagos finches

29
Q

Where they are (sympatric, allopatric), the size of their beaks is similar. When they occur in the same island, however, the sizes of their beaks are very different. The different sizes of the beaks in the (sympatric, allopatric) species show that evolution has reduced the _________________.

A

allopatric; sympatric; niche overlap

30
Q

id: The evolutionary response to competition

A

a change in the fundamental niche

31
Q

Competition helps _________________________ by affecting the local distribution of species

A

shape a community

32
Q

When a species is brought to another place where it is not found naturally, its population density often (decreases, increases)

A

increases

33
Q

ToF: Introduction of an exotic or introduced species in an area where it is not naturally found contribute in structuring communities

A

true, because of competition

34
Q

ToF: The native species outcompetes the exotic or introduced species that can lead to the extinction of the species

A

false, it’s the other way around

35
Q

Mutualistic Relationships on Earth Have Tremendously Contributed to Higher ______________

A

Biodiversity

36
Q

Mutualism is the interaction between two species where the ____________ of the two species is increased

A

fitness

37
Q

id: type of mutualism
two species cannot survive without the other

A

obligatory mutualism

38
Q

id: type of mutualism
two species can live separately from each other

A

facultative mutualism

39
Q

in _____________, the fungi form a netlike structure around root cells that increase the __________________ for absorption of nutrients, which are held by ______________ charged soil particles.

in exchange, fungi obtain _________________________ exuding from the roots of plants

A

mycorrhizae; surface area; negatively; organic substances

40
Q

id: Species Interactions where One Species Benefits while the Other is Harmed

A

exploitation

41
Q

________________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants.

A

herbivores

42
Q

________________ kill and consume other organisms, usually other animals.

A

Predators

43
Q

________________ live on the tissues of their host, often reducing the fitness of the host but generally, not killing them.

A

Parasites

44
Q

_______________ cause disease in their hosts.

A

Pathogens

45
Q

id: species have similar pattern or color as their background

A

camouflage

46
Q

id: certain species that are venomous have distinct patterns or bright coloration to warn away enemies
- give examples

A

aposematism
- frogs, sea snakes

47
Q

id: certain harmless species resemble poisonous or unpalatable ones to gain protection from predators when the latter remember a bad experience with the actually toxic organism

A

batesian mimicry

48
Q

id: different species, both or all of which are harmful or poisonous, resemble one another
- give examples

A

mullerian mimicry
- similarity in coloration and markings in the wings and size of the monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly

49
Q

id: (mechanism of animals)
similarity in appearance works as an added advantage because potential predators do not try to eat the species that they have not yet tasted because of a previous bad experience with the other species which looks similar to the former

A

mullerian mimicry

50
Q

ToF: Exploitative interactions does not have more subtle aspects and more far-reaching effects

A

false

51
Q

enum: (3)
Factors that Influence the Population Distribution and Abundance of Host or Prey Populations

A

predators
parasites
pathogens

52
Q

id: situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites

A

refuges

53
Q

why is body considered a refuge?

A

larger individuals have less chances of being eaten because of the difficulty in capturing and consuming them and the energy involved in catching them is greater than the energy that will be obtained by consuming them

Eco lec finals (3 decks)

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