Chapter 6

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Homeostasis is a complex process that maintains the internal environment of an organism within set limits so that cells and systems can function properly

Question 2

Stimulus response model

Answer 2

a model that describes how a system responds to a stimulus

Question 3

negative feedback system

Answer 3

a stimulus–response process in which the response attempts to revert the system back to the state it was in before the stimulus
occurred

Question 4

Conduction

Answer 4

The transfer of heat
through physical contact
with another object

Question 5

Convection

Answer 5

The transfer of heat via the
movement of a liquid or a
gas between areas of a
different temperature

Question 6

Evaporation

Answer 6

The loss of heat via the
conversion of water from
liquid to gas form

Question 7

Radiation

Answer 7

The transfer of heat via
electromagnetic waves
such as light (i.e. doesn’t
require physical contact)

Question 8

Stimulus-response model structure

Answer 8

Stimulus-receptor-modulator-effector-response

Question 9

alpha cells

Answer 9

cells that occupy
the islets of Langerhans and
secrete glucagon

Question 10

beta cells

Answer 10

cells that occupy
the islets of Langerhans and
secrete insulin

Question 11

islets of Langerhan

Answer 11

regions of
the pancreas that contain cells
that secrete hormones

Question 12

Glucose

Answer 12

carbohydrate
that comes from the food we eat. Glucose is the main source of energy for all the cells in our body

Question 13

glycogen 

Answer 13

a polysaccharide of
glucose that stores energy. Serves as the main storage of glucose in
the body

Question 14

glycogenesis 

Answer 14

the process of
creating glycogen from glucose

Question 15

glycogenolysis

Answer 15

the process
of breaking down glycogen
into glucose

Question 16

insulin 

Answer 16

a hormone secreted by
beta cells of the pancreas when
blood glucose levels are elevated

Question 17

glucagon

Answer 17

a hormone secreted by
alpha cells of the pancreas when
blood glucose levels are low

Question 18

Homeostatic mechanisms for increased blood glucose

Answer 18

beta cells release insulin. Insulin increases the uptake of glucose, effectively lowering blood glucose levels to normal level. Stop secreting insulin when level reaches homeostasis.

Question 19

Homeostatic mechanisms for lowered blood glucose

Answer 19

alpha cells secrete glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen into
glucose and release it into the bloodstream via glycogenolysis.

Question 20

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 20

A hormone that helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. This helps control blood pressure and the amount of urine that is made.

Question 21

Nephron

Answer 21

The nephrons are the functional and structural units of the kidney. Nephrons are important because they function as factories for urine production and play a role in blood filtration

Question 22

Renin

Answer 22

an enzyme secreted by
the kidneys in response to low
blood pressure and volume.
Renin initiates a process which
increases the reabsorption of
water and sodium, and increases
the excretion of potassium in
the distal convolut

Question 23

aldosterone 

Answer 23

a steroid hormone
secreted by the adrenal gland
following the release of renin.
Aldosterone increases the
reabsorption of water from
kidney filtrate by increasing the
reabsorption of sodium

Question 24

aquaporin 

Answer 24

a family of
transmembrane proteins
facilitating the transport of water
into and out of a cell

Question 25

Filtrate

Answer 25

Liquid or solution that has passed through a filter

Question 26

Osmosis

Answer 26

the passive transport of
a solvent (typically water) through
a semipermeable membrane
from a hypotonic solution to a
hypertonic solution

Question 27

Baroreceptor

Answer 27

a type of receptor
found throughout the body that
detects changes in blood pressure

Question 28

Osmoreceptor

Answer 28

a type of
receptor found primarily in the
hypothalamus that detects
changes in osmolality

Question 29

How the body responds to low water balance

(must learn from textbook fully or notes) pg 271 and 272

Answer 29

When the amount of water in the body decreases, it causes both an increase in the osmolality of blood, and a decrease in blood pressure and volume. The increase in osmolality is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, initiating a pathway involving the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The decrease in blood pressure and volume are detected by baroreceptors in the kidneys, which stimulate the release of renin.

Question 30

type 1 diabetes

Answer 30

an autoimmune
disease in which beta cells of the
pancreas are destroyed, resulting
in an inability to regulate blood
glucose levels

Question 31

autoimmune disease

Answer 31

a disease
in which an individual’s immune system initiates an immune response against their own cells

Question 32

type 2 diabetes

Answer 32

a disease
in which the body becomes
resistant to the effects of insulin
and/or doesn’t produce enough
insulin to maintain normal blood
glucose levels

Question 33

Beta cells secrete ???

Answer 33

Insulin

Question 34

Alpha cells secrete ???

Answer 34

Glucagon

Question 35

Hypoglycaemia

Answer 35

 the state of
having blood glucose levels below
the normal range

Question 36

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

overactivity
of the thyroid gland, resulting in
increased production and secretion
of thyroid hormones

Question 37

Impacts of Hypoglycaemia
short and long term

Answer 37

Short: Shakiness, sweating, light-headedness, blurred vision, fatigue
Long: Seizure, coma, death, brain damage

Question 38

Impacts of hyperthyroidism
short and long term

Answer 38

Short: weight loss, irregular heartbeat, sleep issues, muscle weakness
Long: Heart issues, weakened bones, vision loss, reproductive issues