Chapter 5 Flashcards

(52 cards)

1
Q

organism

A

 a living thing made
up of one or more cells

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2
Q

tissue 

A

a cluster of cells which
perform a shared function

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3
Q

organ 

A

the combination of tissues
and cells into a distinct structure
that performs a specific function

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4
Q

system 

A

a collection of organs
and tissues that perform specific
functions necessary for survival

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5
Q

vascular tissues

A

conducting
tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout a plant.
An encompassing term for the xylem tissue and phloem tissue

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6
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

The major cells of plants, responsible for photosynthesis and other
metabolic activity.

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7
Q

digestive system

A

the collection
of specialised tissues and organs
responsible for the breakdown of
food and absorption of nutrients

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8
Q

excretory system

A

the collection
of organs and tissues that removes
excess fluid and waste materials
from the body

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9
Q

endocrine system

A

the collection
of glands in animals responsible for
producing hormones that can be
transported in the bloodstream to
regulate distant organs/cells

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10
Q

skeletal system

A

 the organ
system comprised of bone and
cartilage that supports the body
and the muscular system to
enable movement

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11
Q

muscular system

A

collection of
muscle tissues that circulate blood
and enable movement

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12
Q

integumentary system

A

the organs and tissues responsible
for protecting the body from
the external environment

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13
Q

nervous system

A

the network
of nerve tissue that receives,
transmits, and responds to stimuli

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14
Q

immune system

A

 collection of
organs and tissues that provide
resistance to and protection from
infection and diseases

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15
Q

respiratory system

A

the organ
system that allows an organism to
breathe and exchange gases with
the external environment

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16
Q

blood circulatory system

A

the network of blood vessels and
the heart that pumps blood around
the body

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17
Q

reproductive system

A

the sex organs responsible
for sexual reproduction

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18
Q

Xylem tissue

A

transports water
and minerals in one direction, from the roots to the leaves

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19
Q

Phloem tissue

A

transports
sugars and other nutrients in two directions, to all the cells of
the plant

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20
Q

Transpiration

A

the evaporation of
water from leaves and movement
of liquids up the xylem

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21
Q

Transpiration effect on plants

A

transpiration helps plants regulate
heat and water balance, distribute nutrients throughout the plant Fand prevent cell damage.

22
Q

Four steps of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
23
Q

Ingestion

A

when food is taken into the body. The teeth physically break down food into smaller pieces, whilst
enzymes in the saliva chemically break down the food pieces into a soft mass that
can be swallowed.

24
Q

Digestion

A

occurs along the digestive tract, where the soft mass travels from the
mouth into the body of the organism and continues to be broken down both physically
and chemically by a variety of organs

25
Absorption
once the food macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules, they are absorbed across the plasma membrane of cells in the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
26
Elimination
the final step is the elimination of undigested food content that has travelled along the digestive tract and has not been absorbed. Undigested food is eliminated from the body as faeces.
27
Mechanical digestion
to be absorbed, food must first be broken into smaller pieces as smaller pieces provide a relatively large surface area for digestion.
28
Chemical digestion
food pieces undergo chemical digestion by enzymes and stomach acid, producing smaller molecules that are capable of being absorbed
29
Oral cavity
beginning of the digestive tract where food is prepared for the stomach. Also known as the mouth
30
Salivary glands
collection of cells that produce saliva and secrete it into the oral cavity
31
Oesophagus
Muscular tube that takes food from oral cavity to the stomach
32
Stomach
a muscular organ that receives food from the oesophagus and temporarily stores it, where it is broken down by stomach acids, enzymes
33
Liver
a large organ found in the abdomen that is involved in many metabolic processes including the breakdown of toxins
34
Gallbladder
 bile-storing organ that releases bile into the small intestine
35
Pancreas
an organ of the digestive and endocrine system that releases both digestive juices and hormones
36
Small intestine
connects the stomach to the large intestine and is a major site of nutrient absorption during digestion
37
Large intestine
the final area of absorption along the digestive tract and the site of faeces production
38
Appendix
a small sac of tissue that sits at the junction between the small and large intestines
39
Rectum
the final section of the large intestine that delivers faeces to the anus
40
Anus
the opening at the end of the digestive tract that releases faeces
41
Bile
A fluid made by the liver, helps with the digestion of fats.
42
Kidney
Bean-shaped organ that filter blood, reabsorb useful substances within the filtrate and secrete the unwanted ones. Also the site of urine production.
43
Nephron structure
Each nephron has the same structure. First, the capillaries from the renal artery bunch together to form the glomerulus inside the Bowman’s capsule. The Bowman’s capsule connects to a long tube composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. Multiple nephrons can feed into the same collecting duct.
44
Nephron
a functional unit of the kidney consisting of a glomerulus and tubule system through which filtrate passes and urine is produced
45
glomerulus
a network of capillaries that deliver blood to the Bowman’s capsule
46
Bowman’s capsule
the first section of the nephron which collects filtered blood from the glomerulus
47
loop of Henle
a u-shaped loop of the nephron that recovers water and salts from filtrate
48
Collecting duct
the final section of the nephron tubule that collects urine and delivers it to the bladder for excretion
49
Hormone
a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells
50
Endocrine system
the collection of glands in animals responsible for producing hormones that can be transported in the bloodstream to regulate distant organs/cells.
51
How do hormones travel throughout the body
hormones are transported to where they are needed in the body via the bloodstream in the blood circulatory system.
52
How do hormones communicate to target cells
They communicate with the target cells by heading towards their target cell and binding to specific hormone receptors to bring about a particular change to the cell.