Chapter 5 Flashcards
organism
a living thing made
up of one or more cells
tissue
a cluster of cells which
perform a shared function
organ
the combination of tissues
and cells into a distinct structure
that performs a specific function
system
a collection of organs
and tissues that perform specific
functions necessary for survival
vascular tissues
conducting
tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout a plant.
An encompassing term for the xylem tissue and phloem tissue
Parenchyma cells
The major cells of plants, responsible for photosynthesis and other
metabolic activity.
digestive system
the collection
of specialised tissues and organs
responsible for the breakdown of
food and absorption of nutrients
excretory system
the collection
of organs and tissues that removes
excess fluid and waste materials
from the body
endocrine system
the collection
of glands in animals responsible for
producing hormones that can be
transported in the bloodstream to
regulate distant organs/cells
skeletal system
the organ
system comprised of bone and
cartilage that supports the body
and the muscular system to
enable movement
muscular system
collection of
muscle tissues that circulate blood
and enable movement
integumentary system
the organs and tissues responsible
for protecting the body from
the external environment
nervous system
the network
of nerve tissue that receives,
transmits, and responds to stimuli
immune system
collection of
organs and tissues that provide
resistance to and protection from
infection and diseases
respiratory system
the organ
system that allows an organism to
breathe and exchange gases with
the external environment
blood circulatory system
the network of blood vessels and
the heart that pumps blood around
the body
reproductive system
the sex organs responsible
for sexual reproduction
Xylem tissue
transports water
and minerals in one direction, from the roots to the leaves
Phloem tissue
transports
sugars and other nutrients in two directions, to all the cells of
the plant
Transpiration
the evaporation of
water from leaves and movement
of liquids up the xylem
Transpiration effect on plants
transpiration helps plants regulate
heat and water balance, distribute nutrients throughout the plant Fand prevent cell damage.
Four steps of digestion
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Elimination
Ingestion
when food is taken into the body. The teeth physically break down food into smaller pieces, whilst
enzymes in the saliva chemically break down the food pieces into a soft mass that
can be swallowed.
Digestion
occurs along the digestive tract, where the soft mass travels from the
mouth into the body of the organism and continues to be broken down both physically
and chemically by a variety of organs
Absorption
once the food macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules,
they are absorbed across the plasma membrane of cells in the digestive tract into the
bloodstream.
Elimination
the final step is the elimination of undigested food content that
has travelled along the digestive tract and has not been absorbed. Undigested food is
eliminated from the body as faeces.
Mechanical digestion
to be absorbed, food must first be broken into
smaller pieces as smaller pieces provide a relatively large surface area for digestion.
Chemical digestion
food pieces undergo chemical digestion by enzymes and stomach
acid, producing smaller molecules that are capable of being absorbed
Oral cavity
beginning of the
digestive tract where food is
prepared for the stomach. Also
known as the mouth
Salivary glands
collection of cells
that produce saliva and secrete it
into the oral cavity
Oesophagus
Muscular tube that takes food from oral cavity to the stomach
Stomach
a muscular organ
that receives food from the
oesophagus and temporarily
stores it, where it is broken down
by stomach acids, enzymes
Liver
a large organ found in the
abdomen that is involved in many
metabolic processes including the
breakdown of toxins
Gallbladder
bile-storing
organ that releases bile into
the small intestine
Pancreas
an organ of the digestive
and endocrine system that
releases both digestive juices and
hormones
Small intestine
connects the
stomach to the large intestine
and is a major site of nutrient
absorption during digestion
Large intestine
the final area
of absorption along the
digestive tract and the site
of faeces production
Appendix
a small sac of tissue
that sits at the junction between
the small and large intestines
Rectum
the final section of the
large intestine that delivers faeces
to the anus
Anus
the opening at the end of the
digestive tract that releases faeces
Bile
A fluid made by the liver, helps with the digestion of fats.
Kidney
Bean-shaped organ that filter blood, reabsorb useful substances within the filtrate and secrete the unwanted ones. Also the site of urine production.
Nephron structure
Each nephron has the same structure. First, the capillaries from the renal
artery bunch together to form the glomerulus inside the Bowman’s capsule.
The Bowman’s capsule connects to a long tube composed of the proximal convoluted
tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct.
Multiple nephrons can feed into the same collecting duct.
Nephron
a functional unit of
the kidney consisting of a
glomerulus and tubule system
through which filtrate passes and
urine is produced
glomerulus
a network of capillaries that deliver
blood to the Bowman’s capsule
Bowman’s capsule
the first section
of the nephron which collects
filtered blood from the glomerulus
loop of Henle
a u-shaped loop of
the nephron that recovers water
and salts from filtrate
Collecting duct
the final section
of the nephron tubule that collects
urine and delivers it to the bladder
for excretion
Hormone
a signalling molecule
released from endocrine glands
that regulates the growth or
activity of target cells
Endocrine system
the collection
of glands in animals responsible for
producing hormones that can be transported in the bloodstream to
regulate distant organs/cells.
How do hormones travel throughout the body
hormones are transported to where they are
needed in the body via the bloodstream in the blood circulatory system.
How do hormones communicate to target cells
They communicate with the target cells by heading towards their target cell and binding to specific hormone receptors to bring about a particular change to the cell.
