Chapter 5

Question 1

organism

Answer 1

 a living thing made
up of one or more cells

Question 2

tissue 

Answer 2

a cluster of cells which
perform a shared function

Question 3

organ 

Answer 3

the combination of tissues
and cells into a distinct structure
that performs a specific function

Question 4

system 

Answer 4

a collection of organs
and tissues that perform specific
functions necessary for survival

Question 5

vascular tissues

Answer 5

conducting
tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout a plant.
An encompassing term for the xylem tissue and phloem tissue

Question 6

Parenchyma cells

Answer 6

The major cells of plants, responsible for photosynthesis and other
metabolic activity.

Question 7

digestive system

Answer 7

the collection
of specialised tissues and organs
responsible for the breakdown of
food and absorption of nutrients

Question 8

excretory system

Answer 8

the collection
of organs and tissues that removes
excess fluid and waste materials
from the body

Question 9

endocrine system

Answer 9

the collection
of glands in animals responsible for
producing hormones that can be
transported in the bloodstream to
regulate distant organs/cells

Question 10

skeletal system

Answer 10

 the organ
system comprised of bone and
cartilage that supports the body
and the muscular system to
enable movement

Question 11

muscular system

Answer 11

collection of
muscle tissues that circulate blood
and enable movement

Question 12

integumentary system

Answer 12

the organs and tissues responsible
for protecting the body from
the external environment

Question 13

nervous system

Answer 13

the network
of nerve tissue that receives,
transmits, and responds to stimuli

Question 14

immune system

Answer 14

 collection of
organs and tissues that provide
resistance to and protection from
infection and diseases

Question 15

respiratory system

Answer 15

the organ
system that allows an organism to
breathe and exchange gases with
the external environment

Question 16

blood circulatory system

Answer 16

the network of blood vessels and
the heart that pumps blood around
the body

Question 17

reproductive system

Answer 17

the sex organs responsible
for sexual reproduction

Question 18

Xylem tissue

Answer 18

transports water
and minerals in one direction, from the roots to the leaves

Question 19

Phloem tissue

Answer 19

transports
sugars and other nutrients in two directions, to all the cells of
the plant

Question 20

Transpiration

Answer 20

the evaporation of
water from leaves and movement
of liquids up the xylem

Question 21

Transpiration effect on plants

Answer 21

transpiration helps plants regulate
heat and water balance, distribute nutrients throughout the plant Fand prevent cell damage.

Question 22

Four steps of digestion

Answer 22

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination

Question 23

Ingestion

Answer 23

when food is taken into the body. The teeth physically break down food into smaller pieces, whilst
enzymes in the saliva chemically break down the food pieces into a soft mass that
can be swallowed.

Question 24

Digestion

Answer 24

occurs along the digestive tract, where the soft mass travels from the
mouth into the body of the organism and continues to be broken down both physically
and chemically by a variety of organs

Question 25

Absorption

Answer 25

once the food macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules, they are absorbed across the plasma membrane of cells in the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

Question 26

Elimination

Answer 26

the final step is the elimination of undigested food content that has travelled along the digestive tract and has not been absorbed. Undigested food is eliminated from the body as faeces.

Question 27

Mechanical digestion

Answer 27

to be absorbed, food must first be broken into smaller pieces as smaller pieces provide a relatively large surface area for digestion.

Question 28

Chemical digestion

Answer 28

food pieces undergo chemical digestion by enzymes and stomach acid, producing smaller molecules that are capable of being absorbed

Question 29

Oral cavity

Answer 29

beginning of the digestive tract where food is prepared for the stomach. Also known as the mouth

Question 30

Salivary glands

Answer 30

collection of cells that produce saliva and secrete it into the oral cavity

Question 31

Oesophagus

Answer 31

Muscular tube that takes food from oral cavity to the stomach

Question 32

Stomach

Answer 32

a muscular organ that receives food from the oesophagus and temporarily stores it, where it is broken down by stomach acids, enzymes

Question 33

Liver

Answer 33

a large organ found in the abdomen that is involved in many metabolic processes including the breakdown of toxins

Question 34

Gallbladder

Answer 34

 bile-storing organ that releases bile into the small intestine

Question 35

Pancreas

Answer 35

an organ of the digestive and endocrine system that releases both digestive juices and hormones

Question 36

Small intestine

Answer 36

connects the stomach to the large intestine and is a major site of nutrient absorption during digestion

Question 37

Large intestine

Answer 37

the final area of absorption along the digestive tract and the site of faeces production

Question 38

Appendix

Answer 38

a small sac of tissue that sits at the junction between the small and large intestines

Question 39

Rectum

Answer 39

the final section of the large intestine that delivers faeces to the anus

Question 40

Anus

Answer 40

the opening at the end of the digestive tract that releases faeces

Question 41

Bile

Answer 41

A fluid made by the liver, helps with the digestion of fats.

Question 42

Kidney

Answer 42

Bean-shaped organ that filter blood, reabsorb useful substances within the filtrate and secrete the unwanted ones. Also the site of urine production.

Question 43

Nephron structure

Answer 43

Each nephron has the same structure. First, the capillaries from the renal artery bunch together to form the glomerulus inside the Bowman’s capsule. The Bowman’s capsule connects to a long tube composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. Multiple nephrons can feed into the same collecting duct.

Question 44

Nephron

Answer 44

a functional unit of the kidney consisting of a glomerulus and tubule system through which filtrate passes and urine is produced

Question 45

glomerulus

Answer 45

a network of capillaries that deliver blood to the Bowman’s capsule

Question 46

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 46

the first section of the nephron which collects filtered blood from the glomerulus

Question 47

loop of Henle

Answer 47

a u-shaped loop of the nephron that recovers water and salts from filtrate

Question 48

Collecting duct

Answer 48

the final section of the nephron tubule that collects urine and delivers it to the bladder for excretion

Question 49

Hormone

Answer 49

a signalling molecule released from endocrine glands that regulates the growth or activity of target cells

Question 50

Endocrine system

Answer 50

the collection of glands in animals responsible for producing hormones that can be transported in the bloodstream to regulate distant organs/cells.

Question 51

How do hormones travel throughout the body

Answer 51

hormones are transported to where they are needed in the body via the bloodstream in the blood circulatory system.

Question 52

How do hormones communicate to target cells

Answer 52

They communicate with the target cells by heading towards their target cell and binding to specific hormone receptors to bring about a particular change to the cell.