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Respiratory > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describe gases?
1. gases exhibit the phenomenon of flow
2. Molecular forces of attraction are minimal
3. Gases are difficult to compress
4. Gases expand to fill their container

A

1,2,4 only
- In a gas molecular attractive forces are very weak. Thus gas molecules, which lack restriction to their movement, exhibit rapid, random, motion with frequent collisions. Gases have no inherent boundaries and are easily compressed and expanded. Moreover, like liquids gases can flow.

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2
Q

At what temperature do all kinetic activities of matter cease?

A

0 k
- The Si (systeme internationale)
units for temperature are degrees Kelvin, with a zero point equal to absolute zero (0 k)

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3
Q

A patient has a recorded body temp of 106F. What is this temperature in degrees Celsius?

A

41C
- C= 5/9 x (F-32)

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4
Q

A near-drowning patient has a recorded body temperature of 30C. What is the equivalent temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

A

86 F
- F= (9/5 x C ) + 32

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5
Q

By which of the following means can the internal energy of a substance be increased ?
1. cooling the substance
2. performing work on the substance
3. Heating the substance

A

2 and 3
- You can increase the internal energy of an object by heating it or by performing work on it.

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6
Q

What term is used for the transfer of heat by the direct interaction of atoms or molecules in a hot area with atoms or molecules in a cooler area?

A

Conduction.
- conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact between hot and cold molecules.

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7
Q

Which of the following would be the worst heat conductor

A

Air.
- with fewer molecular collisions than in solids and liquids, gases exhibit low thermal conductivity

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8
Q

what is the primary means by which heat transfer occurs in fluids?

A

Convection
-Heat transfer in both liquid s and gases occur mainly by convection

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9
Q

which of the following is a good clinical example of using the principle of convection to transfer heat?

A

Heated- enclosed infant incubators
-This is the principle behind forced-air heating in houses and convection heating in infant incubator.

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10
Q

Which of the following methods of heat transfer requires no direct contact between warmer and cooler substances

A

Radiation
- while conduction and convection require direct contact between two substances, radiant heat transfer occurs without direct physical contact.

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11
Q

Which of the following are true statements regarding evaporation?
1. evaporation is a type of vaporization
2. The process of evaporation warms the surrounding air
3. evaporation is the change of a liquid substance into a gas for evaporation
4. For evaporation to occur, heat energy is needed

A

1 , 3 and 4
- Vaporizartion is the change of state from liquid to gas. Vaporization requires heat energy.
According to the first law of thermodynamics, this heat energy must comes from the surroundings. In one form of vaporization, called evaporation, heat is taken from the air surrounding the liquid, thereby cooling the air.

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12
Q

What is the physical process whereby the gaseous form of substance is changed back into it liquid state

A

Condensation.
- During condensation, a gas turns back into a liquid.

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13
Q

Which of the following are true of liquids?
1. They are easy to compress
2. they exert pressure
3. they exert buoyant force
4. they conform to their containers.

A

2,3, and 4

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14
Q

Which of the following equation can be used to calculate the pressure exerted by a liquid ?

A

Liquid pressure= liquid density x liquid depth

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15
Q

According to pascal’s principle, the pressure exerted by a liquid in a container depends on which of the following ?
1. Depth of the liquid
2. Density of the liquid
3. shape of the container

A

1 and 2

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16
Q

Archimede’s principle is applied clinically in which of the following devices ?

A

Hydrometer
- clinically, archimede’s principle is used to measure the specific gravity of certain liquids. A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of certain liquids

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17
Q

What is the internal force that opposes the flow of fluids (equivalent to friction between solid substance)?

A

Viscosity

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18
Q

Which of the following statements are true about viscosity ?
1. The greater the viscosity, the greater is the opposition to flow
2. Viscosity is most important under conditions of turbulent flow.
3. There stronger the cohesive forces, the greater the viscosity.
4. Fluid viscosity is equivalent to friction between solids.

A

1,3 and 4
- Laminar flow consist of concentric layers of fluid flowing parallel to the tube wall at velocities that increase toward the center.

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19
Q

After placing a liquid into a small-diameter glass tube, you observe the formation of a convex (upwardly curved) meniscus. what conclusion is correct?

A

Strong cohesive forces exist among the liquid molecules
-When the liquid is water, the meniscus is concave because the water molecules at the surface adhere to the glass more strongly than they cohere to each other. In contrast, a mercury meniscus is convex. In this case, the cohesive forces pulling together the mercury atoms exceed the adhesive forces trying to attract the mercury to the glass.

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20
Q

What force is responsible for the spherical shape of liquid droplets and their ability to keep this shape when placed into an aerosol suspension?

A

Surface tension
-Surface tension is a force exerted by like molecules at a liquid’s surface. Cohesive forces affect molecules inside the drop equally from all directions. However, only inward forces affect molecules inside the drop equally from all direction. However , only inward forces affect molecules on the surface. This imbalance in forces causes the surface film to contract into the smallest possible surface area, usually a sphere or curve ( meniscus). This phenomenon explains why liquid droplets and bubbles retain a spherical shape.

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21
Q

The ratio of density of one fluid when compared with the density of another reference substance, which is typically water, describes the fluid’s

A

Specific gravity.
- Term specific gravity refers to the ratio of the density of one fluid when compared with the density of another reference substance which is typically water.

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22
Q

What is the phenomenon whereby a liquid in a small tube tends to move upward against the force of gravity?

A

Capillary action

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23
Q

Which of the following is/are good clinical examples of the principle of capillary action?
1. capillary stick blood samples
2. absorbent humidifer wicks
3. certain surgical dressings

A

All.

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24
Q

What is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere?

A

boiling point
- The boiling point of liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.

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25
Q

Which of the following are true about boiling?
1. boiling a liquid requires more energy than does evaporating it.
2. a liquid’s boiling point varies with the ATM pressure
3. The greater the ambient pressure, the lower is the boiling point.

A

1 and 2
- because the weight of the ATM retards the escape of vapor molecules, the greater ambient pressure, the greater is the boiling point.

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26
Q

What is the change in state of a substance from liquid to gaseous form occurring below its boiling point?

A

Evaporation.
-A liquid can also change into a gas at temp. lower than its boiling point through a process called evaporation.

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27
Q

Which of the following are true about molecular water vapor?
1. Water vapor exhibits kinetic activity
2. Molecular water vapor can be seen.
3. Water vapor exerts pressure.

A

1 and 3
- To be distinguished from visible particulate water, such as mist and fog, this invisible gaseous form of water is called molecular water. Molecular water obeys the same physical principles as other gases and therefore exerts a pressure called water vapor pressure.

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28
Q

What occur during the evaporation of water?

A

The adjacent air is cooled
- AS the surrounding air loses heat energy, it cools. This is the principle of evaporation cooling.

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29
Q

What is the equilibrium condition in which a gas holds all the water vapor molecules that it can?

A

Saturation
- At this point, the air over the water is saturated with water vapor. However vaporization does not stop once saturation occurs.

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30
Q

Which of the following methods would increase the rate of evaporation of a container of water?
1. increase the temperature of the surrounding air
2. Decrease the pressure of the surrounding air
3. increase the temperature of the water.

A

1, 2 and 3
- The warmer the air, the more vapor it can hold. Specifically, the capacity of air to hold water vapor increases with temperature. The warmer the air making contact with a water surface, the faster is the rate of evaporation.

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31
Q

Which of the following represents a direct measure of the kinetic activity of water vapor molecules?

A

Water vapor pressure
- Water vapor pressure represents the kinetic activity of water molecules in the air.

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32
Q

What is the term for the actual content or weight of water present in a given volume of air?

A

Absolute humidity
- absolute humidity can be measured by weighing the water vapor extracted from air using a drying agent.

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33
Q

What is the absolute humidity ( water vapor content ) of saturated gas at normal body temp. ( 37C)

A

43.8 mg/L
- For example, air that is fully saturated with water vapor at 37C and 760mmhg has a water vapor pressure of 47 mmhg and an absolute humidity of 43 mg/l

34
Q

What is the water vapor pressure of saturated gas at normal body temperature ( 37C)

A

47 mmhg

35
Q

What is the term for the ratio of the actual water vapor present in a gas compared with the capacity of that gas to hold the vapor at a given temperature?

A

Relative humidity.
- When a gas is not fully saturated, its water vapor content can be expressed in relative terms using a measure called relative humidity.

36
Q

At room temperature of 22C, air has the capacity hold 19.4 mg/L of water vapor. If the absolute humidity in the air is 7.4 mg/l ,then what is the relative humidity ( RH) ?

A

%RH = 7.4 mg/l / 19.4 mg/l = 0.38 x 100 (%) to get 38%

37
Q

When the water vapor content of a volume of gas equals it capacity, what is the relative humidity ( RH) of this gas?

A

100%
- when the water vapor content of a volume of gas equals its capacity, the RH is 100%. When the RH is 100%, a gas is fully saturated with water vapor.

38
Q

A gas at 50C with a relative humidity of 100% is cooled to 37C. Which of the following will occur?
1. condensation on surfaces
2. visible droplet formation
3. warming of the adjacent air

A

1,2 and 3
- Condensed moisture deposits on any available surface, such as on the walls of a container or delivery tubing, or even on particles suspended in the gas. Condensation returns heat to and warms the surrounding environment, whereas vaporization of water cools the adjacent air.

39
Q

What is the term for the temperature at which the water vapor in a gas begins to condense back into a liquid ?

A

Dew point
-The temperature at which condensation begins is called the dew point.

40
Q

What occurs when the temperature of a saturated gas drops down to its dew point?

A

Excess water vapor will condense as visible droplets
- Cooling a saturated gas below its dew point causes increasingly more water vapor to condense into liquid water droplets.

41
Q

The American national standards institute has a set a water vapor content level 30 mg/l as the minimum absolute humidity required for patients whose upper airways have been bypassed. This equal what body humidity (BH) ?

A

68%
- The %BH of a gas is the ratio of its actual water vapor content to water vapor capacity in saturated gas at body temp. 37C. thus %BH is the same as relative humidity, except that the capacity ( or denominator) is fixed at 43.8mg/L

42
Q

If the absolute humidity in a medical gas being delivered to a patient is 14mg/l, then what is the body humidity (BH)?

A

32%

43
Q

What is the term for the ratio of the amount of water vapor in a volume of gas compared to the amount of the water in gas saturated at a normal body temp. of 37C ?

A

Percent body humidity (BH)

44
Q

Which of the following properties of gases distinguish them from liquids that is, are unique to the gaseous phase of matter?
1. gases fill the available space
2. gases exhibit viscosity
3. gases exert pressure
4. gases are readily compressed

A

1 and 4
- unlike liquid, gases are readily compressed and expanded and fill the spaces available to them by diffusion.

45
Q

Which of the following occurs when the temperature of a gas rises ?
1. The kinetic activity of the gas increases
2. The rate of molecular collisions increases
3. The pressure exerted by the gas rises.

A

ALL.
- The velocity of gas molecules is directly proportional to temperature. As a gas is warmed, its kinetic activity increase, its molecular collisions increase, and its pressure rises.

46
Q

According to avogadrio’s law, which of the following is/are true ?
1. one gram of any substance contains the same number of particles.
2. equal volumes of gases at standard temperature, standard pressure, dry (STPD) have the same number of molecules.
3. Equal number of gas molecules at STPD occupy the same volume.

A

1 only.
- Avogadro’s law states that the 1-g atomic weight of any substance contains exactly the same number of atoms, molecules or ions.

47
Q

In international system (SI) units, what is any quantity of matter that contains 6.023x10^23 atoms, molecules, or ions?

A

Mole (mol)
- One mole of a gas, at a constant temperature and pressure, should occupy the same volume as 1 mol of any other gas. This ideal volume is termed the molar volume

48
Q

According to avogadro’s law, under standard conditions of temperature and pressure (0 C and 760mm hg ), 1 mol of any gas occupies which of the following?

A

22.40L
- at standard temperature and pressure, dry (STPD), ideal molar volume of any gas is 22.4L

49
Q

What is the density of a mixture of 40% oxygen and 60% helium at STPD ?

A
50
Q

What is the physical process whereby atoms or molecules tend to move from an area of higher concentration or pressure to an area of lower concentration or pressure?

A

Diffusion
Diffusion is the process whereby molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.

51
Q

Which of the following best describe the physical concept of pressure?

A

Force / unit area
- pressure is a measure of force per unit area.

52
Q

What is the common British unit of pressure ?

A

lb/in^2 (PSI)

53
Q

One atmosphere ( 1 atm) of pressure is equivalent to which of the following ?
1. 29.9 in Hg
2. 14.7 lb/in^2
3. 1034.0 g/cm^2
4. 76 mmhg

A

1 , 2 and 3
At sea level, the average atm pressure will support a column of mercury 76cm ( 760mm) or 29.9 in in height. If we also know that mercury has a density of 13.6 g/cm^3 ( 0.491lb/in^3 ), then the average atm pressure (PB) is calculated as follows
PB = 76cm x 13.6 g/cm^3 = 1034 g/cm^2
PB = 29.9 in x 0491 lb/in^3 = 14.7 lb/in^2

54
Q

Which of the following factors determines how much of a given gas can dissolve in a liquid ?

A

Henry’s law predicts how much of a given gas will dissolve in a liquid. According to this principle, at a given temperature, the volume of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is equal to tis solubility coefficient times its partial pressure.

55
Q

At 37C and 760 mmhg pressure, 0.023ml of O2 can be dissolved in 1 ml of plasma whereas at the same temperature and pressure, 0510ml of C02 will dissolve in 1 ml of plasma. What explains this difference?

A

Co2 is more soluble in plasma than 02

56
Q

Which of the following will occur when a gas undergoes expansion ?
1. The pressure of the gas increases
2. Molecular collisions decrease
3. the gas temperature increase.

A

2 only
- If a gas- filled container could be enlarged, the gas would expand to occupy the new volume.

57
Q

If a given mass of gas is maintained at a constant temp., what will decreasing its pressure do ?

A

Increase it volumes
- if a gas fill container could be enlarged, the gas would expand to occupy the new volume.

58
Q

In what processes of gas compression or expansion does the temperature remain constant?

A

Isothermal
- During isothermal conditions, the temp. of an ideal gas should not change with either expansion or contraction.

59
Q

A compressed gas cylinder and its regulator are at room temp. with all valves in the off position. After the cylinder is opened and gas begins to flowing, you note that the regulator is extremely cold to touch. Which of the following principle best explains this observation?

A

Joule-thompson effect
- The rapid expansion of real gases causes substantial cooling. Adiabatic compression can also occur in a gas delivery systems where rapid compression occurs within a fixed container. The rise in temperature caused by this rapid compression can ignite any combustible material in the system.

60
Q

Respiratory therapists must ensure that any oil or dust is cleared from high-pressure medical-gas delivery systems before pressurization. Why is this action needed?

A

Adiabatic compression could ignite the oil or dust
- In an adiabatic process, the container is insulated, resulting in no heat transfer into or out from the system. If the volume increases, the internal energy decrease to perform the work and thus the temperature decreases. If the volume is increased the internal energy is also increased, resulting in a higher temperature.

61
Q

Which of the following occurs(s) when water vapor is added to a dry gas at a constant pressure?
1. the volume occupied by the gas mixture decreases.
2. the relative humidity of the mixture increases.
3. the partial pressure of the original gas is reduces

A

1,2,3
- The dry volumes of a gas at a constant pressure and temperature is always smaller than its saturated volume. The opposite is also true. Correcting from the dry state to the saturated state always yields a larger gas volume. The pressure exerted by water vapor is independent of the other gases with which it mixes, depending only on the temperature and RH. Therefore, the addition of water vapor to a gas mixture always lowers the partial pressures of the other gases present.

62
Q

During some pulmonary function tests, saturated gas exhaled from a patient’s lungs is gathered at room temperature. Which of the following correction-factor tables would you use to determine what volume this gas occupied in the patient’s lungs.

A

Ambient temperature, ambient pressure, saturated (ATPS) to BTPS

63
Q

A combination of neutral atoms, free electrons and atomic nuclei describes.

A

Plasma.
- Plasma has been referred to as the fourth state of matter and is a combination of neutral atoms, free electron, and atomic nuclei. Plasmas can react to electromagnetic forces and flow freely like a liquid or a gas.

64
Q

For every liquid there is a temperature above which the kinetic activity of its molecules is so great that the attractive force cannot keep them in a liquid state. This temperature is called.

A

Critical temperature
- When a liquid is heated to it critical temperature, it converts to a gas. This temperature is called the critical temperature.

65
Q

which of the following is a false state about O2 ?
1. no pressure can keep it in a liquid state above -118.8 C
2. Below its boiling point, it remains liquid at ambient pressure.
3. its critical temperature is above normal room temperature
4. It cannot be turned into a liquid at room temperature.

A

Its critical temperature is above normal room temperature.
- Liquid O2 is produced by separating it from a liquefied air mixture at a temperature below its boiling point or critical temperature ( -183c or -297 F ). After it is separated from the air, the O2 must be maintained as a liquid by being stored in insulated containers below its boiling point. As long as the temperature does no exceed -183C, the O2 will remain liquid at ATM pressure. If higher temperatures are needed, higher pressure must be used. IF at anytime the liquid O2 exceeds it critical temperature of -118.8 C, it will convert immediately to a gas.

66
Q

Which of the following medical gases can be maintained in the liquid form at room temperature?
1. Nitrous oxide
2. carbon dioxide
3. O2
4. Helium.

A

1 and 2
- Both Co2 and N2O have a critical temperature above normal room temp.

67
Q

What temperature is necessary to liquefy O2 at 1 atm pressure?

A

-183.0C

68
Q

Under which of the following conditions would the drop in pressure occurring while a fluid flows through tube be greatest.

A

Small diameter and High Fluid Viscosity.
- Available energy decreases because frictional forces oppose fluid flow. Frictional resistance to flow exists both within the fluid itself ( viscosity) and between the fluid and the tube wall. In general, the greater the viscosity of the fluid and the smaller the cross-sectional area of the tube, the greater is the drop in pressure along the tube.

69
Q

The resistance to flow of a fluid through a tube can be computed according to which of the following formulas?

A

Resistance = pressure / Flow
- For any given tube length, flow resistance equals the difference in pressure between the two points along the tube divided by the actual flow. This expressed as a formula
R= ( p1-p2) /V

70
Q

What is the pattern of flow in which a fluid moves in discrete cylindrical streamlines ?

A

Laminar
- During laminar flow, a fluid moves in discrete cylindrical layer or streamlines.

71
Q

According to poiseuille’s law, the pressure needed to drive a fluid through a tube will increase under which of the following conditions?
1. increase fluid viscosity
2. decreased tube length
3. decrease rate of flow
4. Decreased tube radius.

A

1,3 and 4
- The difference in pressure required to produce a given flow, under conditions of laminar flow through smooth tube of fixed size, is defined by poiseuille’s law:
P=8nl/R^4, where P is the driving pressure gradient, N is the viscosity of fluid, l is the tube length, is fluid flow, r is the tube radius and 8 is a constant.

72
Q

Under conditions of turbulent flow, what is the driving pressure?

A

Proportional to the square of the flow
- this changeover from laminar to turbulent flow depends on several factors, including fluid density (D), viscosity (H), linear velocity (V), and tube radius (R). In combination, these factors determine reynold’s number (NR):
NR= v x d x 2r/h

73
Q

Which of the following conditions tend to cause laminar flow to become turbulent ( producing a high reynold’s number)
1. high linear gas velocity
2. High gas density
3. low gas viscosity
4. smaller tube diameter

A

1,2 and 3
- In a smooth-bore tube, laminar flow becomes turbulent when NR exceed 2000 ( Number is dimensionless).
According to the previous formula, conditions favoring turbulent flow include increase fluid velocity, increased fluid density, increased tube radius, or decreases fluid viscosity. In the presence of irregular tube walls, turbulent flow can occur when NR is less than 2000.

74
Q

Assuming a constant flow, what will happen to a fluid if the cross-sectional area of the tube in which it flow decrease?

A

It velocity will decrease.?

75
Q

According to Bernoulli’s principle, as a fluid flows through a narrow passage or stricture, which of the following will occur?
1. fluid velocity will decrease
2. lateral pressure will fall
3. total energy will increase

A

lateral pressure will fall, 2 only
- According to the law of continuity, as the fluid moves into the narrow or constricted portion of the tube, its velocity must increase ( vb > Va ). According to the bernoulli’s theorem, the higher velocity at point b should result in a lower lateral pressure at that point (Pb < Pa). Thus, as a fluid flows through the constriction, its velocity increases and its lateral pressure decreases.

76
Q

What is the most common application of bernoulli’s principle in respiratory care equipment ?

A

Air-injector
- In respiratory care, the most common application of fluid entrainment is the air injector ,

77
Q

Which of the following design components of an air injector would result in entraining the greatest amount of air ?
1. Small orifice jet
2. large entrainment ports
3. low-velocity gas flow.

A

1 and 2
The amount of air entrained depends on both the diameter of the jet orifice and the size of the air-entraiment ports. For a fixed jet size, the larger the entrainment ports, the greater is the volume of air entrained and the higher is the total flow. The entrained volume can still be altered with fixed entrainment ports, by changing the jet diameter. A large jet results in a lower gas velocity and less entrainment, whereas a small jet boosts velocity, entrained volume , and total flow.

78
Q

For which of the following purpose might a venturi tube be used?
1. to restore fluid pressure distal to a restricted orifice
2. to help keep entrainment ratios constant with varying flows
3. to make possible entrainment of large volumes of gas

A

1,2 and 3
The venturi tube , as compared with a simple air injector, provides greater entrainment. Moreover, this design helps keep the percentage of entrained fluid constant, even when the total flow varies. A venturi tube widen just after its jet or nozzle. as long the angel of dilation is less than 15 degrees, this widening helps restore fluid pressure back toward prejet levels. However, the venturi tube has one major drawback- any build up of pressure downstream from the entrainment port decreases fluid entrainment

79
Q

What is physical principle underlies most fluidic circuitry ?

A

Coanda effect
- the primary principle underlying most fluidic circuitry is a phenomenon called wall attachment, or the coanda effect. This effect is observed mainly when a fluid flow through a small orifice with properly contoured downstream surfaces.

80
Q

What are the forms of vaporization ?

A

boiling and evaporation

81
Q

what is the motion referred to when solid molecules travel until they collide?

A

Jiggle.
- solids have a fixed volume and shape. The molecules comprising the solid have the shortest distance to travel until they collide with one another. This motion has been referred to as a jiggle.

82
Q

Solid maintain their shape because their atoms are kept in place by strong mutual attractive forces called

A

Van der waals forces.

Respiratory (5 decks)

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