Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is parole?
The conditional release prior to expiration of sentence. Early release from prison.
Alexander Maconochie
Superintendent of the British penal colony on Norfolk Island. He also created the mark system. Macnochie pushed for penal reform and better treatment of prisoners.
Mark System
Invented by Maconochie, was credits against a sentence that allowed inmates to be released once they earned good marks for behavior and work.
Ticket of Leave
The last stage of the marks system which means you are allowed to leave your confinement/punishment in prison.
Sir Walter Crofton
Invented 4 stage system. Was chair of the Board of Directors of Convict Prisons for Ireland between 1854 and 1862. Alexander Maconochie’s ideological heir.
Four Stage System
Invented by Sir Walter Crofton. The first step was solitary confinement, then special prison, open institution, then finally ticket of leave.
Zebulon Brockway
He was the leading U.S. penologist in the 1800’s and adopted Irish system in the U.S. as well as became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New York.
Hearing Officer
Officer applies the law by overseeing the legal process in courts. They act like a judge, but only deal with cases with administrative agencies.
Elmira Reformatory
A reformatory institution built for adults but ultimately used for youths aged 16-30 who were serving their first term in prison. There was also an emphasis on reforming youth, increased academic education, and extensive trade training.
Morrissey v Brewer
A Supreme Court Case that took place in 1972 in the state of Iowa regarding John J. Morrissey’s parole. Given a 7 year sentence for writing a false check. Then violated his parole in Cedar Rapids which was then revoked from him. He thought this revocation was unconstitutional and he went to the Supreme Court. They ruled in an 8-1 decision that it was not unconstitutional nor cruel and unusual to revoke his probation.
Prisoner Re-entry
The process of an inmate leaving prison and returning to the community. Obstacles to this re-entry can include housing, employment, or alcohol and drug abuse
