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Introductory Physics > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

alloy

A

A solution of metals, formed by melting the metals, mixing them thoroughly, and allowing the solution to harden.

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2
Q

atom

A

the smallest part of an element composed of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons located in orbitals according to their energies.

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3
Q

boiling point

A

the temperature at which a substance enters a phase transition from liquid to gas (or vapor), or vice versa.

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4
Q

cathode ray tube

A

A vacuum tube in which a high voltage power supply causes a beam of electrons to travel from the cathode to the anode.

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5
Q

chemical formula

A

A sequence of chemical symbols and subscripts used to denote a particular compound.

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6
Q

Compound

A

Two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

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7
Q

Condensation

A

The lease change from liquid to gas.

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8
Q

Covalent bond

A

The chemical bond that firms between nonmetal elements by means of sharing electrons. Hydrogen also forms covalent bonds.

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9
Q

Crystal

A

The atomic structure of a substance held together by ionic bonds, characterized by the ordering arrangement of atoms in a rigid lattice structure.

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10
Q

Crystal lattice

A

The structural framework formed by the geometrically arranged atoms in a crystal.

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11
Q

Density

A

The ratio of mass to volume for a substance; a physical property that describes the amount of mass in a given volume.

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12
Q

Dissolve

A

When a solute mixes with a solvent so that the particles of solute and solvent are mixed together uniformly all the way down to the molecular level.

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13
Q

Electron

A

One of the three fundamental particles inside atoms; located in orbitals by energy around the nucleus; possesses negative charge, and has a mass of 1/1836 the mass of a proton.

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14
Q

Element

A

A substance characterized by atoms all possessing the same number of protons in the nucleus.

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15
Q

Evaporation

A

When a substance undergoes the phase transition from liquid to Vapor without first being heated to the boiling point.

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16
Q

Ferrous metal

A

A metal containing iron.

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17
Q

Fluid

A

A substance that flows; a liquid or gas.

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18
Q

Gas

A

A phase of matter in which the internal energy of the atoms is high enough that the atoms are completely independent of each other and free to move around.

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19
Q

Gold foil experiment

A

Ernest Rutherford’s experiment in which alpha particles were fired at a thin gold foil leading to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.

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20
Q

Graduated cylinder

A

A piece of laboratory apparatus used for measuring liquid volume

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21
Q

Heat

A

Energy in transit from a warm body or region to a cooler one by means of infrared radiation, thermal conduction, or convection.

22
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

The energy required to vaporize (boil) 1 gram of a liquid substance while keeping its temperature the same.

23
Q

Heat transfer

A

When energy is transferred from a warm object or region to a cooler one by means of infrared radiation, thermal conduction, or convection.

24
Q

Heterogeneous mixture

A

A mixture in which the presence of at least two different substances is visible to the eye or with a microscope

25
Q

Homogeneous mixture

A

A mixture with a composition that is uniform all the way down to the molecular level; a solution.

26
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a net electric charge

27
Q

Isotope

A

Any variety of the atoms of an element differing in the number of neutrons the atoms have in their nuclei

28
Q

Liquid

A

a phase of matter in which the internal energy of the atoms is high enough that the atoms can move around and yet low enough that they are still Loosely attracted to each other and cling together to form drops and fill containers without lids

29
Q

Melting

A

The temperature at which a substance undergoes the phase transition from solid to liquid or vice versa

30
Q

Mixture

A

A combination of substances that occurs without any chemical reaction. substances in the mixture retain their own properties and may be separated from one another by physical (non-chemical) means

31
Q

Molecule

A

A chemically bonded cluster of atoms; the smallest particle in compounds formed by covalent bonding between nonmetals (including hydrogen).

32
Q

Neutron

A

One of the three basic particles inside atoms; located in the nucleus; possesses no electric charge and has a mass very close to the mass of a proton (but slightly greater).

33
Q

Nucleus

A

The tiny region in the center of an atom where the protons and neutrons are

34
Q

Oil drop experiment

A

Robert Millikan’s experiment by which the charge on a single electron was discovered.

35
Q

Orbital

A

An energy region in an atom where up to two electrons may reside. electrons are arranged in orbitals according to the energy they possess.

36
Q

Phase diagram

A

A diagram showing the temperature, pressure, and/or energy associated with phases and phase transitions for a particular substance

37
Q

Phase transition

A

The process of a substance changing phase from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, gas to liquid, liquid to solid, solid to gas, Etc

38
Q

Plasma

A

An ionized gas, recognized as one of the four phases of matter, the other three being solid, liquid, and gas (or vapor).

39
Q

Proton

A

One of the three basic particles inside atoms; located in the nucleus; possesses positive charge and has a mass very similar to that of a neutron (slightly less).

40
Q

pure substance

A

element or compound

41
Q

solid

A

A phase of matter in which the internal energy of the atoms is so low that the atoms are rigidly bound together and not free to move around, but only able to vibrate in place.

42
Q

solute

A

A solid, liquid, or gas that is dissolved into a fluid.

43
Q

solution

A

A homogeneous mixture; formed when one substance (a solute) dissolves in another substance (solvent).

44
Q

solvent

A

A fluid in which a solute is dissolved.

45
Q

subatomic particle

A

Mainly protons, neutrons, and electrons, although there are approximately 60 lesser known particles.

46
Q

sublimation

A

A phase transition in which a substance transitions from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid.

47
Q

substance

A

Anything that contains matter.

48
Q

vapor

A

the gaseous phase of matter; a term applied to describe the gaseous state of substances that are solids or liquids at room temperature.

49
Q

vaporization

A

The process of transitioning to the gas or vapor phase; boiling.

50
Q

volume

A

The variable used to quantify the amount of space an object takes up.

Introductory Physics (9 decks)

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