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Organic Chemistry 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

An organic halide in which the halogen atom is bonded to an alkyl carbon

A

Alkyl halide

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2
Q

An organic halide in which the halogen atom is bonded to an alkene carbon

A

Alkenyl halides

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3
Q

An organic halide in which the halogen atom is attached to an aromatic ring, such as a benzene ring

A

Aryl halide

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4
Q

An organic halide in which the halogen atom is bonded to a benzene ring; a specific type of aryl halide

A

Phenyl halide

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5
Q

A reaction in which a nucleophile reacts with a substrate to replace a leaving group (a group that departs with an unshared electron pair)

A

Nucleophilic substitution reaction

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6
Q

A Lewis base, an electron pair donor that seeks a positive center in a molecule

A

Nucleophile

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7
Q

The substituent that departs from the substrate in a nucleophilic substitution reaction

A

Leaving group

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8
Q

The molecule or ion that undergoes reaction

A

Substrate

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9
Q

Cleavage by the solvent. A nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the nucleophile is a molecule of the solvent

A

Solvolysis

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10
Q

A term that refers to rates of reactions

A

Kinetics

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11
Q

A reaction whose rate-determining step involves two initially separate species

A

Bimolecular

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12
Q

The number of species involved in a single step of a reaction (usually the rate-determining step)

A

Molecularity

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13
Q

Literally, substitution nucleophilic bimolecular. A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that takes place in a single step. A nucleophile attacks a carbon bearing a leaving group from the back side, causing an inversion of configuration at this carbon and displacement of the leaving group

A

SN2

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14
Q

A state on a potential energy diagram corresponding to an energy maximum (i.e., characterized by having higher potential energy than immediately adjacent states). The term transition state is also used to refer to the species that occurs at this state of maximum potential energy; another term used for this species is the activated complex

A

Transition state

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15
Q

A reaction where bond forming and bond breaking occur simultaneously (in concert) through a single transition state

A

Concerted reaction

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16
Q

A reaction that proceeds with a negative free-energy change

A

Exergonic reaction

17
Q

A reaction that proceeds with a positive free-energy change

A

Endergonic reaction

18
Q

A plot of free-energy changes that take place during a reaction versus the reaction coordinate. It displays free-energy changes as a function of changes in bond others and distances as reactants proceed through the transition state to become products

A

Free-energy diagram

19
Q

The abscissa in a potential energy diagram that represents the progress of the reaction. It represents the changes in bond orders and bond distances that must take place as reactants are converted to products

A

Reaction coordinate

20
Q

The difference in free energy between the transition state and the reactants

A

Free energy of activation

21
Q

Chemical studies that take into account the spatial aspects of molecules

A

Stereochemistry

22
Q

A reaction whose rate-determining step involves only one species

A

Unimolecular

23
Q

Literally, substitution nucleophilic unimolecular. A multi step nucleophilic substitution in which the leaving group departs in a unimolecular step before the attack of the nucleophile. The rate equation is first order in substrate but zero order in the attacking nucleophile

A

SN1 reaction

24
Q

If a reaction takes place in a series of steps, and if one step is intrinsically slower than all of the others, then the rate will be the same as (will be determined by) the rate of this slow step

A

Rate-determining step

25
Q

A transient species that exists between reactants and products in a state corresponding to a local energy minimum on a potential energy diagram

A

Intermediate

26
Q

Electron delocalization (via orbital overlap) from a filled bonding orbital to an adjacent unfilled orbital; generally has a stabilizing effect

A

Hyperconjugation

27
Q

A reaction that transforms an optically active compound into a racemic form is said to proceed with racemization; takes place whenever a reaction causes chiral molecules to be converted to an achiral intermediate

A

Racemization

28
Q

Literally, cleavage by the solvent. A nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the nucleophile is a molecule of the solvent

A

Solvolysis

29
Q

An effect on relative reaction rates caused when the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups at or near the reacting site hinders or retards a reaction

A

Steric hinderance

30
Q

A postulate stating that the structure and geometry of the transition state of a given step will show a greater resemblance to the reactants or products depending on which is closer to the transition state in energy. This means that the transition state of an endothermic step will resemble the products of that step more than the reactants, whereas the transition state of an exothermic step will resemble the reactants of that step more than the products

A

Hammond-Leffler postulate

31
Q

The relative reactivity of a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction as measured by relative rates of reaction

A

Nucleophilicity

32
Q

A polar solvent that doesn’t have a hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative element; doesn’t hydrogen bond with a Lewis base (e.g., a nucleophile)

A

Polar aprotic solvent

33
Q

A polar solvent that has at least one hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative element. These hydrogen atoms of the solvent can form hydrogen bonds with a Lewis base (e.g., a nucleophile)

A

Polar protic solvent

34
Q

An effect on relative rates of reaction caused by the solvent. For example, the use of a polar solvent will increase the rate of reaction of an alkyl halide in an SN1 reaction

A

Solvent effect

35
Q

A measure of a solvent’s ability to insulate opposite charges from each other. The dielectric constant of a solvent roughly measures its polarity. Solvents with high dielectric constants are better solvents for ions than are solvents with low dielectric constants

A

Dielectric current

36
Q

The susceptibility of the electron cloud of an uncharged molecule to distortion by the influence of an electron charge

A

Polarizability

37
Q

A process that converts one functional group into another

A

Functional group interconversion

Organic Chemistry 1 (10 decks)

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