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Organic Chemistry 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbons having only single (σ) bonds between carbon atoms

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between carbon atoms

A

Alkenes

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond between carbon atoms

A

Alkynes

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4
Q

Alkanes in which some or all of the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring

A

Cycloalkanes

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5
Q

A process used in the petroleum industry for breaking down the molecules of larger alkanes into smaller ones; may be accomplished with heat, or with a catalyst

A

Cracking

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6
Q

Each carbon atom within the chain is bonded to no more than two other carbon atoms

A

Unbranched

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7
Q

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but that differ in their connectivity

A

Constitutional isomers

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8
Q

A set of nomenclature rules overseen by the Internal Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) that allows every compound to be assigned an unambiguous name

A

IUPAC system (“systematic nomenclature”)

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9
Q

The designation given to a fragment of a molecule hypothetically derived from an alkane by removing a hydrogen atom

A

Allyl group

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10
Q

A system for naming compounds that uses two or more words for naming compounds that uses two or more words to describe the compound

A

Functional class nomenclature

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11
Q

A system for naming compounds in which each atom or group, called a substituent, is cited as a prefix or suffix to a parent compound

A

Substitutive nomenclature

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12
Q

Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups

A

Glycol

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13
Q

The carbon atoms common to both rings

A

Bridgeheads

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14
Q

Each chain of atoms connecting the bridgehead atoms

A

Bridge

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15
Q

Compounds with two fused or bridged rings

A

Bicyclic compounds

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16
Q

The H2C=CH- group

A

Vinyl group

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17
Q

The -CH2CH=CH2 group

A

Allyl group

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18
Q

Substitutes on the same side

A

Cis compound

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19
Q

Substitutents on opposite sides

A

Trans compound

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20
Q

Monosubstituted acetylenes or 1-alkynes

A

Terminal alkynes

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21
Q

A hydrogen atom attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to another carbon atom by a triple bond

A

Acetylenic hydrogen atom

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22
Q

The anion obtained when the acetylenic hydrogen is removed

A

Alkynide ion or an acetylide ion

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23
Q

A series of compounds in which each member differs from the next member by a constant unit

A

Homologous series

24
Q

A particular temporary orientation of a molecule that results from rotations about its single bonds

A

Conformation

25
Q

A particular staggered confirmation of a molecule

A

Conformer

26
Q

An analysis of the energy changes that a molecule undergoes as its groups undergo rotation (sometimes only partial) about the single bonds that join them

A

Conformational analysis

27
Q

A means of representing the spatial relationships of groups attached to two atoms of a molecule; imagine viewing the molecule from one end directly along the bond axis joining the atoms

A

Newman projection formula

28
Q

A temporary orientation of groups around two atoms joined by a single bond such that the bonds of the back atom exactly bisect the angles formed by the bonds of the front atom when shown in a Newman projection formula

A

Staggered conformation

29
Q

The angle between two atoms (or groups) bonded to adjacent atoms, when viewed as a projection down the bond between the adjacent atoms

A

Dihedral angle

30
Q

A temporary orientation of groups around two atoms joined by a single bond such that the groups directly oppose each other

A

Eclipsed conformation

31
Q

Electron delocalization (via orbital overlap) from a filled bonding orbital to an adjacent unfilled orbital; generally has a stabilizing effect

A

Hyperconjugation

32
Q

A graphical plot of the potential energy changes that occurs as molecules (or atoms) react (or interact). Potential energy is on the y-axis and the progress of the reaction on the x-axis

A

Potential energy diagram

33
Q

The barrier to rotation of groups joined by a single bond caused by repulsion’s between the aligned electron pairs in the eclipsed form

A

Torsional barrier

34
Q

The strain associated with an eclipsed confirmation of a molecule; it is caused by repulsions between the aligned electron pairs of the eclipsed bonds

A

Torsional strain

35
Q

An effect on relative reaction rates caused when the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups at or near the reacting site hinders or retards a reaction

A

Steric hinderance

36
Q

Doesn’t have torsional strain from steric hinderance because the groups are staggered and the methyl groups are far apart

A

Anticonformation

37
Q

The methyl groups are close enough to each other that the dispersion forces between them are repulsive

A

Gauche conformation

38
Q

Compounds with the same molecular formula that differ only in the arrangement of their atoms in space; they have the same connectivity

A

Stereoisomers

39
Q

Stereoisomers differing in space only due to rotations about single (σ) bonds

A

Conformational stereoisomers

40
Q

An analysis of the energy changes that a molecule undergoes as its groups undergo rotation (sometimes only partial) about the single bonds that join them

A

Conformational analysis

41
Q

The increased potential energy of the cyclic form of a molecule (usually measured by heats of combustion) when compared to its acyclic form

A

Ring strain

42
Q

The increased potential energy of a molecule (usually a cyclic one) caused by deformation of a bond angle away from its lowest energy value

A

Angle strain

43
Q

The strain associated with an eclipsed confirmation of a molecule; it is caused by repulsions between the aligned electron pairs of the eclipsed bonds

A

Torsional strain

44
Q

Rotations about the carbon-carbon single bonds of cyclohexane can produce different conformations which are interconvertible. The most important are the chair conformation, the boat conformation, and the twist conformation

A

Conformations of cyclohexane

45
Q

The all-staggered conformation of cyclohexane that has no angle strain or torsional strain and is, therefore, the lowest energy conformation

A

Chair conformation

46
Q

A conformation of cyclohexane that resembles a boat and that has eclipsed bonds along its two sides: it is of higher energy than the chair conformation

A

Boat conformation

47
Q

Molecules that are synthesized that have large rings threaded on chains and that have large rings threaded on chains and that have large rings that are interlocked like links in a chain

A

Catenanes

48
Q

The six bonds of a cyxlohexane ring that are perpendicular to the general plane of the ring, and that alternate up and down around the ring

A

Axial bond

49
Q

The six bonds of a cyclohexane ring that lie generally around the “equator” of the molecule

A

Equatorial bond

50
Q

The change in a cyclohexane ring (resulting from partial bond rotations) that converts one ring conformation to another; converts any equatorial substituent to an axial substituent and vice versa

A

Ring flip

51
Q

The interaction between two axial groups that are on adjacent carbon atoms

A

1,3-diaxial interaction

52
Q

Diastereomers that differ in their stereochemistry at adjacent atoms of a double bond or on different atoms of a ring

A

Cis-trans isomers

53
Q

An old name for an alkane

A

Paraffin

54
Q

A reaction in which hydrogen adds to a double or triple bond; often completed through the use of a catalyst such as platinum, palladium, rhodium, or ruthenium

A

Hydrogenation

55
Q

Equals the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms that must be subtracted from the molecular formula of the corresponding alkane to give the molecular formula of the compound under consideration

A

Index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)

Organic Chemistry 1 (10 decks)

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