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Biology 130 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Energy.

A

The ability to do work or cause change.

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2
Q

What are the differences between Potential and Kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic: energy of motion.
Potential: stored energy.

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3
Q

What are the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics?

A

1st: energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another.
2nd: energy cannot be converted from one form to another without the loss of unusable energy.

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4
Q

How do the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics apply to living things?

A

1st: an animal walking uses stored energy to kinetically power its muscles releasing excess heat.
2nd: heat that dissipates into the environment cannot be captured and re-used.

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5
Q

Define the term “Entropy.” Give an example of why it is important to living things?

A

Measure of randomness in a system. When entropy occurs, it results in the death of cells.

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6
Q

How you decrease entropy? How do you increase entropy?

A

when heat is added, entropy increases. When heat is removed it decreases.

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7
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

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8
Q

How are Synthesis Reactions, Degradation Reactions, Exergonic Reactions, and Endergonic reactions related to each other?

A

e

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9
Q

What do ATP, ADP, and AMP stand for?

A

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate (high energy)
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate (moderate energy)
AMP: Adenosine monophosphate (low energy)

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10
Q

Why is ATP so important to a cell?

A

The cell can only use energy from an ATP molecule.

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11
Q

Where is the high energy stored in an ATP molecule?

A

The three phosphate bonds.

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12
Q

How does a cell make ATP?

A

Cellular respiration.

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13
Q

What is a Coupled Reaction? Provide multiple examples.

A

A coupling reaction occurs when two chemical species of different kinds react with a common intermediate and a catalyst to produce a new product. Photosynthesis is an example.

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14
Q

What are the functions of ATP?

A

Chemical work (synthesis reaction)
Transport work (active transport)
Mechanical work (movement, intracellular and intercellular)

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15
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

Protein that functions as a catalyst.

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16
Q

How does an enzyme influence the Energy of Activation?

A

Enzymes can reduce the amount of activation energy in reactions.

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17
Q

What are enzymes composed of? What are the functions of Enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as catalysts by speeding up chemical reactions.

18
Q

What factors affect enzymatic rates of reaction?

A

Temperature, pH, amount of substrate (molecule acted upon by enzyme) or enzyme.

19
Q

Define the term denature.

A

Permanently changing a proteins shape.
Can happen due to heat increase, or changing the pH.

20
Q

What is an Enzyme Substrate Complex?

A

A temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact/shape with its substrate.

21
Q

Explain the Lock and Key Model. How does it differ from the Induced Fit Model?

A

The enzyme and the substrate possess specific geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another. Enzymes are highly specific. They must bind to a specific substrate before they can catalyze a chemical reaction.

22
Q

What kind of metabolic reactions are controlled by enzymes? Provide an example from lecture.

A

Photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and cellular respiration.

23
Q

Why is the shape of an enzyme so important?

A

The shape of the enzyme determines which chemical reaction the enzyme catalyzes.

24
Q

How can you change the shape of a protein?

A

Temperature increase, changing pH.

25
Q

How does temperature influence enzyme activity?

A

As the temperature increases, the enzyme activity increases, which increases the reaction rate. Activity is reduced at cooler temperatures. All enzymes have a certain temperature range when they are active, but they work best at certain temperatures.

26
Q

How does pH influence enzyme activity?

A

Above or below optimum pH leads to decline in reaction rate; extreme changes in pH can cause denaturing but is unpredictable.

27
Q

How does substrate concentration influence enzyme activity?

A

As substrate concentration increases, so does enzyme activity.

28
Q

How does enzyme concentration influence enzyme activity?

A

Adding enzymes will speed up a reaction as long as there enough substrate to bond to. When all the substrate is bound the reaction will no longer speed up.

29
Q

What does catalase do? Provide the metabolic reaction that demonstrates the function of catalase. Why is this reaction important to a cell?

A

Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is fatal to most organisms and needs to be decomposed.

30
Q

Is Carbonic Anhydrase an enzyme? How can you tell?

A

Yes. Anything ending in -ase is an enzyme.

31
Q

Provide examples of the three basic enzymes associated with digestion or organic molecules.

A

Lipase: causes hydrolysis of lipids
Protease: enzyme used to hydrolyze proteins
Amylase: causes starch to form maltose

32
Q

Define the terms Oxidation and Reduction. How do they differ from each other?

A

Both can be defined in terms of the adding or removing of oxygen to a compound.
Oxidation: loses electrons, loses hydrogen ions, gains oxygen
Reduction: gains electrons, gains hydrogen ions, loses oxygen

33
Q

Why are Oxidation and Reduction often considered to be “Coupled Reactions”?

A

An oxidation reaction is always coupled with a reduction reaction. When oxidation losses electrons, a coupled reaction reduction gains those electrons.

34
Q

Provide the balanced equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

A

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O ->Chloro (energy from sun)-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 produces oxygen and glucose, loses electrons
Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 ->Mito-> 6CO2 +6H2O produces carbon dioxide and water, gains electrons

35
Q

Which parts of the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration represent Reduction vs Oxidation?

A

During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced to glucose, and H2O is oxidized to release O2. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized, and oxygen is reduced to form CO2 and water.

36
Q

How do the processes known as oxidation and reduction play a role in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

In photosynthesis, you are producing glucose and oxygen while losing electrons. In cellular respiration, you are producing carbon dioxide and water while gaining electrons.

37
Q

Reactants

A

The starting material for a chemical reaction. Reactants go through chemical reactions to form products.

38
Q

Products

A

Ending materials in a chemical reaction.

39
Q

Synthesis Reactions

A

Reactions in which two or more substances react to form a single substance (new molecule low complexity to high.)

40
Q

Degradation Reactions

A

Chemical reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler molecules.

41
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

42
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings (typically the sun.)

Biology 130 (3 decks)

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