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College A&P > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology is

A

The study of bone and treatment of bone disorders

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2
Q

Osteo means

A

Bone

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3
Q

Ology means

A

Study of

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4
Q

The skeleton has ___ bones

A

206

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5
Q

The axial skeleton has ___ bones

A

80

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6
Q

The appendicular skeleton has ___ bones

A

126

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7
Q

The axial skeleton consists of

A

Bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column

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8
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of

A

Bones of the limbs AND the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

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9
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system

A

Support, store minerals and lipids, provide movement surfaces, protection, and leverage

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10
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Flat bones(skull), sutural bones, long bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, and short bones

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11
Q

Flat bones are ___ and provide surface area for ___

A

Thin and flat; muscle attachment

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12
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Skull bones, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

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13
Q

Sutural/wormian bones

A

Irregular bones formed between cranial bones

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14
Q

Long bones

A

Relatively long and slender

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15
Q

Long bone examples

A

Various bones in the appendages(limbs)

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16
Q

Irregular bones

A

Irregular shapes with short, flat, notched, or ribbed surfaces

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17
Q

Irregular bone examples

A

Vertebrae, facial bones, and pelvis bones

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18
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small, flat, and somewhat shaped like sesame seeds

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19
Q

Sesamoid bones develop within

A

Cartilage of hands, feet, and knees

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20
Q

Sesamoid bone example

A

Patella

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21
Q

Short bones

A

Small and boxy; as long as they are wide

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22
Q

Short bone examples

A

Tarsals and carpals

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23
Q

Depressions and opening allow

A

Passages of soft tissue(blood vessels, nerves, ligaments, and/or tendons) or the formation of joints

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24
Q

Canal/meatus are large passageways through ___

A

bone

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25
Q

Sinus

A

Chambers within bone, usually filled with air

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26
Q

Foramen are small rounded passageways for ___ to go through

A

blood vessels/nerves

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27
Q

Fissures are elongated ___ or ___

A

cleft or gap

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28
Q

Sulcuses are

A

Deep narrow groove

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29
Q

Fossae are shallow ___ or ___ in bone surfaces

A

depression or recession

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30
Q

Epiphysis is the ___ of a bone that helps form ___

A

End; a joint

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31
Q

Metaphysis

A

Joins the head of the bone with the shaft

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32
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of the bone

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33
Q

Facet is a ___,___ articulate surface

A

Small, flat

34
Q

Trochanter is a large rough ___

A

projection

35
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Produces red blood cells

36
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Reserves energy

37
Q

Periosteum is membrane on the bone that does what?

A

protect and nourish

38
Q

Endosteum is a membrane that lines ___

A

inner bone; faces the medullary cavity

39
Q

Compact bone

A

Strong and solid

40
Q

Spongy bone is a

A

Branching framework and helps to resist forces

41
Q

Periosteum contains

A

Blood vessels, sensory nerves, and lymphatic vessels

42
Q

Unspecialized stem cells in bone are called

A

Osteogenic cells

43
Q

What do osteogenic cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts(builder cells)

44
Q

What do osteoblasts make

A

Bone matrix(ossification)

45
Q

How to osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

They are surrounded by bony matrix

46
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintain protein and Mineral content of surrounding matrix

47
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

In lacunae

48
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large cells formed by the fusion of multiple monocytes in the Endosteum

49
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve the bone matrix and release stored minerals; remove and remodel bone matrix

50
Q

The removal and remodeling of bone matrix is also called

A

Osteolysis

51
Q

Unmineralized matrix is called

A

Osteoid

52
Q

Bone matrix consists of

A

15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% calcium phosphate

53
Q

What is calcification?

A

The crystallization and hardening of bone tissue

54
Q

The central canal of compact bone is also called

A

The Haversian canal

55
Q

Where are osteocytes in compact bone?

A

Between lamellae in lacunae

56
Q

What holds osteons together?

A

Canaliculi

57
Q

Spongy bone is composed of

A

Thin plates of bone called trabeculae; contains no osteons

58
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Between trabeculae

59
Q

What happens in red bone marrow?

A

The making of red blood cells; hemopoiesis

60
Q

Appositional bone growth causes bone to grow in

A

Diameter/thickness

61
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

The formation of bone within hyaline cartilage

62
Q

During puberty, hormones cause bones to grow and ___ to lessen

A

Epiphysial cartilage

63
Q

Ossification begins in

A

The ossification center in tissue

64
Q

Bone remodeling is the ongoing ___ of old ___ tissue

A

replacement of old bone tissue

65
Q

Bone resorption is the ___ of minerals and collagen fibers by ___

A

The removal; osteoclasts

66
Q

Bone deposition is the ___ of minerals and collagen fibers by ___

A

The addition; osteoblasts

67
Q

Calcium

A
  • Most abundant mineral in body
  • ~99% deposited in skeleton
  • helps with muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve impulses
68
Q

Intestines ___ calcium and phosphate

A

Absorb

69
Q

Kidneys ___ calcium and phosphates

A

Dispose

70
Q

What increases blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

71
Q

What decreases blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

72
Q

Steps of fracture repair

A
  1. Fraction hematoma formation(blood clot)
  2. Callus formation(inside bone and outside bone)
  3. Spongy bone formation(replaces external callus)
  4. Compact bone formation(replaces spongy bone)
73
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A

Transverse, spiral, displaced, compression, greenstick, comminuted, epiphyseal, pott’s, and colles

74
Q

Transverse fractures

A

Breaks along the long axis

75
Q

Spiral fractures

A

Caused by twisting stress; spreads along the bone

76
Q

Displaced fractures

A

Produce abnormal bone arrangements

77
Q

Compression fractures

A

Occur in vertebrae; associated with osteoporosis

78
Q

Greenstick fractures

A

One side broken, one side bent; generally occurs in children

79
Q

Comminuted fractures

A

Shattering producing bone fragments

80
Q

Epiphyseal fractures

A

Occurs where bone matrix calcifies; heals easily if clean break; stops growth is break goes through epiphyseal plate and cartilage

81
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

Occurs in ankles; affects medial and lateral malleolus

82
Q

Colles fracture

A

Break in distal radius

College A&P (8 decks)

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