Chapter 6

Question 1

What is temperament and what does it include?

Answer 1

A precursor to personality. Includes mood, activity level, emotional reactivity.
Also approach/withdrawal, and attention

Question 2

What are the three types of temperment?

Answer 2

1. Easy- 40%. Adaptable, remains calm, can soothe, usually in a positive mood
2. Difficult- 10%. reacts negatively to change, no adaptability, usually in a negative mood
3. slow-to-warm-up: 15%, low activity levels, adjusts slowly, often in negative mood

Question 3

What is personality and what does it include? What is it influenced by?

Answer 3

person’s consistent patterns of thinking, behaving, and feeling. A continuous interplay between biological disposition and experience.
Includes openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, introversion, agreeableness, N (emotionality).
Influenced by environment, temperament and cultures (individualistic or collective)

Question 4

What are the primary emotions?

Answer 4

Interest, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, surprise

Question 5

What are the secondary emotions?

Answer 5

envy, pride, shame, guilt, doubt, embarrassment

Question 6

What is social referencing? What is self-awareness?

Answer 6

process of seeking out information from others to clarify information and know how to act.
Self awareness- the realization that you are separate from others

Question 7

What is the limbic system? What is it composed of?

Answer 7

It is involved in processing emotion and memory. Activates flight-fight-freeze.
Composed of the hippocampus (memory/learning), amygdala (experience of emotion, quickly process how to act/baby gate/watch dog), hypothalamus (biological things like temperature and blood pressure, appetite)

Question 8

What is the upstairs and downstairs brain?

Answer 8

Kids will use downstairs brain because upstairs brain that helps you think clearly and make good choices (prefrontal cortex) is deactivated. The downstairs brain is the limbic system. This will take over and logical wont work and we have to respond to emotional needs.

Question 9

What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory have to do with attachment?

Answer 9

Believe babies are oral and get pleasure through breastfeeding, thats how infants become attached to mothers.

Question 10

What did Harlow find about attachment?

Answer 10

baby monkeys have physical and social needs- contact comfort. don’t want just food, want comfort from a soft mom.

Question 11

What is Bowlby’s attachment theory?

Answer 11

A secure base- caregiver’s presence gives child sense of safety to explore. Healthy attachment is from:

• caregiver responsiveness
• caregiver and child engage in mutually enjoyable interactions- like eriksons trust vs. mistrust stage

Question 12

What are Mary Ainsworth’s four attachment styles?

Answer 12

1. Secure- upset upon departure, happy when they return
2. Ambivalent- child rushes to caregiver, resists attempts to be soothed
3. Avoidant- avoids/ignored caregiver, treats stranger the same
4. Disorganized- inconsistent responses
   Limitations: reflects middle class US values

Question 13

What can caregiver consistency prevent?

Answer 13

social deprivation, reactive attachment disorders, resiliency

Question 14

What can positive student-teacher interactions do?

Answer 14

Create a sense of safety and belonging, provide secure foundation for growth, increased academic engagement/preformance, development of prosocial behaviour, reduced behavioural difficulties/anxiety