Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the 6 stages of Piaget’s Sensorimotor Intelligence
- Simple reflexes
- Primary circular reactions (voluntary movements)
- Secondary circular- active engagement with outside world
- Coordination of circular reactions- goal oriented behaviour, prefrontal cortex, out of sight thinking
- tertiary circular responses- learn about world through experimentation
- internalization of schemes and early representational thought- solve problems with mental strategies/pretend play
Why can we advance through the sensorimotor intelligence stages piaget’s theory?
Name an issue with it?
Because of memory development and prefrontal cortex development.
-A not B error could be because of memory, stages dont need to be sequential
What are the three things that our memory does?
- Acquire (learn/encode)
- store
- retrieve information (remember)
What is the flow/steps of our memory?
Sensory info (registers) - short term memory - consolidation takes us to long-term memory (rehearsal will take us back to short term memory)
What is forgetting? How can we prevent it?
When memory traces decay without rehearsal, prevented by over-learning.
What are the two branches of long-term memory? Explain them
Explicit (declarative). Facts, concepts and events- requires active retrieval
Implicit (non-declarative). Unaware its being used, *procedural memory like skills, *priming, *classical conditioning
What are the two branches of explicit (declarative) memory?
Episodic: autobiographical info, flashbulb memories
Semantic: facts, not on a timeline
What are the 8 phases of language development?
- Intentional vocalizations
- babbling/gesturing (4-6 months)
- understanding- more than they can say
- Holophrasic speech- partial words- 12/13 months
- Underextension- all animals are doggies
- First words- cultural influences
- vocab growth spurt
- 2 word sentences/telegraphic speech- 18 months
- sentences at 2 years old
What are the two theories of language development?
Noam Chomsky- no teaching or reinforcement is necessary, there is an Language Acquisition Device
Social Pragmatics- active engagement in language development, seek info, memorize, imitate
How can we promote long term memory in the classroom?
Can use priming (acronyms, songs, cues) Rehearsal (testing effect) Multimodal rehearsal- different senses Personal relevance (use interests) Elaboration- write your own sentences Positive corrective feedback primacy and recency (remember beginning and remember end)
What is consolidation and BDNF?
consolidation is the process of storing memory traces in long-term memory- happens alot in our sleep
Exercise triggers BDNF (Brain derived neurotrophic factor), which is associated with neuroplasticity and helps with consolidation.
What is shaping?
reinforcing successive approximations of a behaviour until the goal behaviour is displayed.
What are the schedules of reinforcement?
- how often a student receives a reward
1. continuous- given every time they exhibit it
2. Fixed-ratio schedule: reinforcer given after specified number of times
3. Variable-interval schedule- reinforcer given randomly
What are the branches of operant conditioning, and what do they branch into?
Operant conditioning: (Skinner) Branches into reinforcement and punishment.
Reinforcement- increase behaviour. Positive = add good stimulus following correct behaviour. Negative = removing a noxious stimuli (turning off alarm)
Punishment- decreases behaviour. Positive = add noxious stimuli (scolding and timeout)
Negative = removing something good, like taking away recess
What is effective positive reinforcement?
When it is age-appropriate, used for skills students have learned and understand, has admin and parent support, is genuine.
