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BIO 101 > CHAPTER 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A

*light energy is used to rearrange atoms of CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) to produce organic molecules (sugars) and O2 (oxygen)

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2
Q

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

*O2 (oxygen) is consumed as organic molecules are broken down to CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) and the cell captures energy as ATP

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3
Q

BREATHING & CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A
  • Breathing supplies O2 (oxygen) to cells and removes CO2 (carbon dioxide)
  • Breathing and cellular respiration closely related:
  • *Breathing brings O2 (oxygen) into the body from the environment, distributed via bloodstream
  • *Cellular respiration, mitochondria, use O2 (oxygen) to harvest energy and generate ATP
  • *Breathing disposes of the CO2 (carbon dioxide) produced as a waste product of cellular respiration
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4
Q

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

Cellular respiration stores energy in ATP molecules
**Reactants O2 (oxygen) and C6H12O6 (glucose) re-group to form products CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)
**Energy from C6H12O6 (glucose) is released and stored as ATP
**C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
glucose. oxygen. carbon. water. energy
dioxide

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5
Q

REDOX REACTIONS

A
  • During cellular respiration, electrons are transferred from C6H12O6 (glucose) to O2 (oxygen), releasing energy
  • Transfer of electrons from one molecule to another is a redox reaction
  • In a redox reaction:
  • *Loss of electrons is oxidation
  • *Gain of electrons is reduction
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6
Q

REDOX REACTIONS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

*Glucose loses electrons (in H atoms) and becomes oxidized
*O2 gains electrons (in H atoms) and becomes reduced
*Electrons lose potential energy and energy is released
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
(C6H12O6 and 6 CO2 = OXIDATION)
(6 O2 and 6 H2O = REDUCTION)

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7
Q

REDOX REACTIONS

A
  • Redox reactions that break down glucose involve an enzyme and a coenzyme
  • Enzyme dehydrogenase removes electrons (in H atoms) from fuel molecules (oxidation)
  • Electrons are transferred to the coenzyme NAD+ which is reduced to NADH

NAD+ 2H –REDUCTION–»> NADH + H+

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8
Q

STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A

*Cellular respiration occurs in 3 stages

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9
Q

GLYCOLYSIS (STAGE 1)

A
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

* Glycolysis breaks down Glucose to Pyruvate producing small amounts of ATP

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10
Q

CITRIC ACID (STAGE 2)

A
  • Citric acid occurs in the mitochondria
  • Completes breakdown of glucose producing CO2 and small amount of ATP
  • Supplies electrons for third stage
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11
Q

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (STAGE 3)

A
  • Occurs in mitochondria
  • Uses energy released by electrons down electron transport chain to pump H+ across a membrane
  • Harness energy of H+ gradient through chemiosmosis producing ATP
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12
Q

GLYCOLYSIS

A
  • Harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
  • Glycolysis splits sugar molecules in the cytoplasm
  • *Starts with a single 6 Carbon molecule of pyruvate
  • *Ends with a double 3 carbon molecule of pyruvate
  • *Produces two molecules of ATP
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13
Q

GLYCOLYSIS

A
  • Produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
  • *An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP
  • *Small amount of ATP produced
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14
Q

PYRUVATE OXIDATION

A
  • Pyruvate used for citric acid cycle
  • A large, multi-enzyme complex catalyzes 3 reactions in the mitochondrial mix
  • *Carbon atom is removed from pyruvate and released in CO2
  • *Remaining two-carbon compound is oxidized, and a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH
  • *Coenzyme A joins with the 2-carbon group to produce Acetyl CoA
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15
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

A
  • Citric acid cycle generates many NADH and FADH2 molecules
  • For each turn of the citric acid cycle:
  • *2 CO2 molecules are released
  • *Energy yield is 1ATP, 3NADH, and 1FADH2
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16
Q

ATP

A
  • Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation
  • An electron transport chain in mitochondrial membrane creates an H+ gradient
  • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the chain to O2 which picks up H+
  • H2O is product
  • Energy released by redox reactions actively transport H+ across the membrane from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space
17
Q

CHEMIOSMOSIS

A
  • ATP synthases drives synthesis of ATP
  • Exergonic reactions of electron transport chain produce H+ gradient that stores potential energy
  • ATP synthases harness the energy by acting like turbines
  • Help H+ diffuse back against the gradient through the inner membrane
  • Attach phosphate groups to ADP producing ATP
18
Q

REVIEW

A
  • Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP
  • Glycolysis and citric acid cycle together yield 4 ATP per glucose molecule
  • Oxidative phosphorylation, using electron transport and chemiosmosis yields 34 ATP per glucose
  • These numbers are maximums
  • *Some cells may lose a few ATP to NAD+ or FAD shuttles
19
Q

FERMENATION

A
  • A way of harvesting energy that doesn’t require oxygen
  • Pathway that generates ATP during fermentation is glycolysis
  • Glycolysis uses NO oxygen - it is anaerobic
  • **Glycolysis anaerobic
  • Glycolysis generates 2ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules and REDUCES NAD+ to NADH
20
Q

FERMENATION

A
  • Fermenation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration
  • **Fermenation anaerobic
  • Fermenation:
  • *Generates ATP molecules from glycolysis in the absence of oxygen
  • *Recycles NADH to NAD+ anaerobically
  • Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation
  • *NADH is OXIDIZED to NAD+ as pyruvate is REDUCED to lactate
21
Q

ANAEROBES

A
  • Obligate Anaerobes:
  • *Require anaerobic conditions to generate ATP by fermenation
  • *Poisoned by oxygen
  • Facultative Anaerobes:
  • *Can make ATP by fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation depending on whether O2 is available
22
Q

FOOD MOLECULE AND CELLS

A

*Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration
*Cells use 3 main kinds of food molecules to make ATP
1 Carbohydrates: hydrolyzed by enzymes to glucose which enters glycolysis
2 Proteins: digested to constituent amino acids, become intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
3 Fats: digested to glycerol and free fatty acids, fatty acids are broken-down and enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

23
Q

FOOD MOLECULES

A
  • Food molecules provide raw materials for biosynthesis
  • Some raw materials from food can be incorporated directly into an organisms molecules
  • Cells can also make molecules not found in food
  • Biosynthetic pathways consume ATP rather than produce it
24
Q

RESPIRATION

A
  • Fuel for respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis
  • All organisms can harvest energy from organic molecules
  • Plants can also make molecules from inorganic sources by photosynthesis

BIO 101 (4 decks)

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