CHAPTER 20 Flashcards
ANIMAL STRUCTURE
- Animal Structure has a hierarchy
- Cell= smallest independent unit of life
- Tissue= integrated group of cells that perform a specific function
- Organ= 2 or more types of tissues that together perform a specific task
- Organ System= multiple organs that together perform a vital body function
- Organism= integrated unit made up of a number of organ systems functioning together
STRUCTURE
- Structure fits function in the animal body
- Anatomy = study of structure
- Physiology = how structures function
- The functions of the various parts of the body result from their specific structures
TISSUES
*Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function
*The cells composing a tissue are specialized to perform a specific function
*In almost all animals, most body cells are organized into 4 main categories of tissues:
1 Epithelial
2 Connective
3 Muscle
4 Nervous
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
*Epithelial tissue covers body and lines its organs and cavities
*Epithelial tissue occurs as sheets of cells anchored to underlying tissues by a basement membrane
*Categories of Epithelial tissues:
1 Simple: single layer of cells
2 Stratified: Multiple layers of cells
3 Shapes: squamous, cluboidal, columnar
*Epithelial tissue functions in protection, secretion, and exchange
EPITHELIAL TISSUES (SHAPES)
- Clubodial epithelium: cube
- Simple columar: column
- Simple squamous: plate
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues
- The various types of connective tissue consist of cells in an extracellular matrix
- *Loose connective tissue
- *Fibrous Connective Tissue
- *Adipose Tissue
- *Cartilage
- *Bone
- *Blood
MUSCLE TISSUE
- Muscle tissue functions in movement
- Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers
- *Skeletal muscle: responsible for voluntary body movements
- *Cardiac muscle: forms the contractile tissue of the heart
- *Smooth muscle: lines the walls of the internal organs such as the stomach, bladder, and arteries
NERVOUS TISSUE
- Nervous tissue forms a communication network
- Nervous tissue senses stimuli and rapidly transmits info throughout the body
- The neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous tissue
- *Specialized to conduct electrical impulses
- *Consists of cell body, axon, and dendrites
- *Nourished by supporting ells known as glia
ORGANS
- Organs are made up of tissues
- Each organ is made of several tissues that collectively perform specific functions
- *In some organs, tissues are arranged in layers
- An organ performs functions that none of its component tissues could carry out alone
12 ORGAN SYSTEMS
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Immune
- Endocronic
- Excretory
- Reproductive
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Integumentary
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
*Ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminated undigested material
(anus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, liver, esophagus, mouth)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
*Exchanges gases with the environment, supplying blood with O2 and disposing of CO2
(lung, bronchus, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity)
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
*Delivers O2 and nutrients to cells and transports CO2 to the lungs and metabolic waste to the kidneys
(heart, blood vessels)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
*Removes excess, unnecessary materials from body fluids to help maintain internal homeostasis and prevent damage to the body
(kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra)
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
*Secretes hormones that regulate body activities, thus maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis
(ovary, testis, pancreas, adrenal gland, thymus, thyroid gland, pituitary gland)
