Chapter 5a Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

is the process of taking in information, saving it over time, and calling it to mind later.

Question 2

Information processing model:

Answer 2

a model of memory that involves the three steps of encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Entering information into memory. Without encoding, there’s nothing to store and nothing to retrieve later

First step of the three fundamental memory steps

We encode only what is necessary, so we tend to forget details that are not necessary to identify an object, such as a penny.

Question 4

Sensory memory

Answer 4

The earliest part of the memory process, in which the senses take in and very briefly hold information.

Question 5

Echoic memory

Answer 5

Auditory sensory memory, or all the information your ears took in during the past few seconds.

Question 6

Iconic memory

Answer 6

Visual sensory memory, or all the information your eyes took in during the last fraction of a second

Question 7

Level of processing

Answer 7

How deeply information is processed. Also known as depth of processing, the idea here is that we tend to forget information quickly when we think about it in shallow ways, but we tend to remember information well when we think about it in deep ways

Question 8

Chunking

Answer 8

Grouping pieces of information together in a meaningful way to enhance memory.

Question 9

Rehearsal

Answer 9

Deliberately repeating information to enhance memory. Rehearsal commonly takes the form of saying verbal material over and over, either aloud or silently, to yourself

Question 10

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 10

Information is repeated in exactly the same form it was originally encoded

Question 11

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 11

Involves adding meaning or associations to information, which enhances memory

Question 12

Long-term potentiation

Answer 12

The increased connectivity between simultaneously stimulated neurons that forms the biological basis of memory

Question 13

Storage

Answer 13

Retaining information in memory

It’s the second of the three fundamental memory steps

Question 14

Short-term memory

Answer 14

A limited amount of new information being held briefly until it is either discarded or kept long-term

Question 15

Long-term memory

Answer 15

A seemingly limitless amount of information being held for extensive periods of time.

Question 16

Working memory

Answer 16

A type of memory in which processing, or work, is done on briefly held information.

Question 17

Automatic processing

Answer 17

The entrance of some information into long-term memory without any conscious processing

Question 18

Retrieval

Answer 18

Is pulling information out of memory. It is the third and final step among the three basic steps of memory

Question 19

Recall

Answer 19

is a type of retrieval in which you access stored information without any comparison to external information

Question 20

Recognition

Answer 20

Is a type of retrieval in which you determine whether stored information matches external information

Question 21

Retrieval cues

Answer 21

Reminders that facilitate retrieval of information from memory. Retrieval cues are things that prompt you to remember

Question 22

Encoding specificity

Answer 22

The effect of contextual information present when memory was encoded, such as physical surroundings, on retrieval

Question 23

Priming

Answer 23

Recent experiences cause an increased likelihood of recalling certain memories. For example, spending time on any beach is likely to increase your recollection of all of your memories related to beaches.

Question 24

Explicit memory

Answer 24

Is memory of which you are consciously aware. It is also known as declarative memory, which refers to the fact that it is memory that you can declare (or more simply, tell) to another person

Explicit memory is memory that you know you know

Question 25

Semantic memory

Answer 25

There are two basic types of explicit memory: semantic memory and episodic memory

A type of explicit memory consisting of facts, figures, word meanings, and other general information.

Question 26

Episodic memory

Answer 26

There are two basic types of explicit memory: semantic memory and episodic memory

A type of explicit memory consisting of personal firsthand experiences. Episodic memory is your internal autobiography, a record of the episodes of your life

Question 27

Implicit memory

Answer 27

Is memory of which you are not consciously aware. It is also called nondeclarative memory, because you cannot easily declare (or tell) it to another person.

Question 28

Procedural Memory

Answer 28

A type of implicit memory consisting of how to perform tasks that you do automatically. The key word in that definition is how