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Neurophysiology Exam 2 > Chapter 58 > Flashcards

Chapter 58 Flashcards

18
Q

What are the two types of cerebellar excitatory signals?

A
  • Short acting excitatory signal caused by acetylcholine release from the brainstem reticular area
  • Longer acting excitatory signals from the reticular excitatory area which project through the inralaminal nuclei of that thalamus and excite the cortex
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19
Q

What happens when the excitatory area in the pons around the level of the 5th CN is cut? What is the name of this strucutre?

A
  • coma results
  • reticular excitatory area
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20
Q

What is the general idea of the positive feedback loop between the excitatory area and the cortex?

A

the exitatory area causes excitation of the cortex, then the cortex returns an excitory signal to the bulboreticular area. This causes a positive feedback allowing for an awake state

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21
Q

Which brain structure acts as the relay and distribution center for activity in the cortex?

A

thalamus

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22
Q

What else does the thalamus do for the gigantocellular input as it passes to the cortex?

A

modulates it

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23
Q

What is the main purpose of the reticuloinhibitory area? What is its principle neurotransmitter?

A

decrease activity of the upper cortex

-serotonin

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24
Q

Where is the locus ceruleus?

A

Ponto-mesencephalon junction

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25
Q

What NT is released from the locus ceruleus? What is the result?

A
  • Norepiepherine
  • Generally excites the brain but does inhibit some areas
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26
Q

Where is the substantia nigra? What NT does it relase?

A
  • midbrain
  • dopamine
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27
Q

What is the action of dopamine in the brain?

A

-inhibitory NT on the basal nuclei

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28
Q

Where are the raphe nuclei and what NT do they secrete?

A
  • midline pons
  • serotonin
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29
Q

Where do fibers from the raphe nuclei project and what is the function of the serotonin released there?

A
  • projecto to the diencephalon and cortex as well as the spinal cord
  • in the upper levels it is inhibitory and is essential in sleep
  • in the cord is supresses pain
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30
Q

Where are the gigantocellular neurons and what NT do they release? What is its impact?

A
  • reticular area of the pons and mesencephalon
  • Acetycholine
  • excitatory function in bothe the cortex and the spinal cord (causes wakefulness)
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31
Q

Neurohormonal systems in the human brain (image)

A
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32
Q

What is the general role of the limbic system?

A
  • modulate emotions and behavior
  • also internal conditions like body temp, fluid osmolality, and drive to eat and drink
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33
Q

What are the three directions of pathways out of the hypothalamus?

A
  • downward and outward
  • upward
  • into the hypothalamic infundibulum
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34
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamic pathway travelling downward and outward?

A

Travels to the brainstem (mainly to the reticular areas, mesencephalon, pons an medualla) and onward into the peripheral nerves of the ANS.

35
Q

Where do the upward tracts from the hypothalamus continue on to?

A

-higher areas of the diencephalon and cerebrum

36
Q

What is the function of the tracts that run from the hypothalamus through the infundibular stalk?

A

-function to contol or partially control the secretory functions of both the anterior and posterior pituitary

37
Q

Where does stimulation in the hypothalamus result in an increase in blooooode pressure?

A

-posterior and lateral hypothalamus (increase in arterial pressure and heart rate)

38
Q

Where does stimulation in the hypothalamus result in a decrease in blood pressure?

A

-in the preoptic area

39
Q

How does the hypothalamus contribute to the regulation of body temperature?

A

-An increase in temperature of blood through the anterior portion of the hypothalamus results in an increase in activity of temperature sensitive neurons, while a decrease does the opposite.

40
Q

In what two ways does the hypothalamus regulate body water?

A
  • by creating the sensation of thirst
  • by controlling the excretion of water into the urine (vasopressin or ADH)
41
Q

Which nuclei is involved in the control of water excretion by the kidneys?

A

-supraoptic nuclei

42
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in the contraction of the uterus and breast?

A

-oxytocin secretion by neuronal cells of the paraventricular nuclei

43
Q

What two nuclei of the hypothalamus are important for hunger and satiety?

A
  • Lateral: hunger
  • Ventromedial: Satiety
44
Q

What would the result of stimulation of the lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus be?

A
  • thirst
  • hunger
  • rage and fighting
45
Q

What would be the result of stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei be?

A

-Lack of hunger (satiet) and tranquility

46
Q

What happens when the thin zone of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is stimulated?

A

-reactions of fear and punishment

47
Q

Which portions of the hypthalamus stimulate the sex drive?

A

-the most anterior and most posterior portions

48
Q

What is the location of the reward centers of the hypothalamus? What is the effect of stimulation of these areas?

A
  • lateral and ventromedial nuclei
  • weak stimuli= sense of reward
  • strong timuli= sense of punishment
49
Q

Where are the most potent punishment areas of the hypothalamus? What happens upon stimulation of these areas?

A
  • most potent in the PAG and pariventricular areas of the hypothalamus and thalamus
  • stimulation can result iin the inhibition of the reward and pleasure centers (showing how punishment can take precedence over please and reward)
50
Q

What center of the brain, when stimulated in animals result in rage?

A

-punishment center

51
Q

How is rage normally supressed or inhibited?

A

-inhibition by the ventromedial nuclie of the hypothalamus

52
Q

If the ventromedial nuclei normally inhibit the rage response, what happens when the ventromedial nuclei are lesioned bilaterally?

A

-Rage

53
Q

What do traquillizers do to the reward and punishment centers?

A

-inhibit both of them

54
Q

How does the hippocampus contribute to learning? what happens if it is removed?

A
  • causes the drive for conversion of short term memory into long term memory
  • if removed, the patient can essentially no longer learn any new information of remember new things (anterograde amnesia)
55
Q

What are the major functions of the amygdala?

A
56
Q

What are the effects of stimulating the amygdala?

A
  • behavioral and physiologic
  • alteration of: arterial pressure, heart rate, GI motility, defication and micturition, pupillary dilation and constriction, piloerrection, secretion of petuitary hormones
  • feelings of: rage, pleasure, reward, punishment, pain
57
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What is the connection to older population?

A
  • bilateral ablation of the amygdala
  • lack of fear, extreme curiosity, forgetful, oral fixation, HUMPS EVERYTHING (giggity)
  • Older patients afflicted with this problem tend to like to eat everything
58
Q

What can lesions to the other parts of the libic cortex cause?

A

Neurophysiology Exam 2 (7 decks)

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