Chapter 54 Lecture

Question 0

If two species of beetle (species 1 hunts during the day & species 2 hunts at night) are brought into the laboratory and found to both be nocturnal, in controlled environment, what is this an example of?

Answer 0

CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT

this can lead to resource partioning

Question 1

RESOURCE PARTITIONING would be most likely to occur between…

Answer 1

sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of CRYPTIC COLORATION?

Answer 2

a “walking stick” insect that resembles a twig

Question 3

Which of the following in an example of MULLERIAN MIMICRY?

Answer 3

2 species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of BATESIAN MIMICRY?

Answer 4

a nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of APOSEMATIC COLORATION?

Answer 5

stripes of a skunk

Question 6

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?

Answer 6

PARASITISM

Question 7

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTION?

Answer 7

MUTUALISM

Question 8

Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community?

Answer 8

• determining how many species are present overall
• which particular species are present
• the kinds of interactions that occur among different species
• the relative abundance of species

Question 9

Which of the following studies would a community ecologist undertake to learn about COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS?

Answer 9

• selectivity of nest sites among birds
• grass species preferred by grazing animals
• stomach contents of coexisting fish in a river
• phosphate and nitrogen uptake by different tree species

Question 10

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers coexist, while hunting the same insects. One hunts from the top of the tree to the bottom and one hunts from the bottom up. What is this an example of?

Answer 10

RESOURCE PARTITIONING

Question 11

Monarch butterflies are protected from birds and other predators because of cardiac glycosides incorporated into their muscles from their diets in their caterpillar stage. The Viceroys have wings that look almost identical to the Monarch’s.This is an example of what?

Answer 11

BATESIAN MIMICRY

Question 12

Prairie dogs once grazed the grass of the Great Plains and made it more nutritious for grazers like bison. Snakes, raptors, and mammals preyed on them. Now the black-footed ferret is endangered (specialized in prairie dog predation). Increases in housing and agricultural developments have eradicated many p. dog towns. What is true about p. dogs?

Answer 12

Their FUNDAMENTAL NICHE has expanded.

Question 13

Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of MUTUALISM?

Answer 13

Interaction increases the survival & reproductive rates of mutualistic species

Question 14

How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying its realized or fundamental niche?

Answer 14

Remove a competitor species to see if the species expands its range.

Question 15

What percent of all species on Earth are PARASITES?

Answer 15

33.3%

Question 16

Which of the following terms is used by ecologists to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?

Answer 16

FACILITATION

Question 17

How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche?

Answer 17

an organism’s “PROFESSION” in the community

Question 18

Approximately how many kilograms of carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1,000 kg of plant material?

Answer 18

10 kg

loss of ~10% of energy per level

Question 19

The energetic hypothesis and dynamic stability hypothesis are ideas that attempt to explain:

Answer 19

the LENGTH of FOOD CHAINS

Question 20

In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species was most likely a(n)…

Answer 20

KEYSTONE SPECIES

Question 21

Which of the following is the most accepted hypothesis as to why invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced?

Answer 21

Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have always been in place for the native species.

Question 22

BIOMANIPULATION can best be described as…

Answer 22

…removing many of the next higher trophic level organisms so that the struggling trophic level below can recover.

Question 23

Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W,X,Y,Z). Which forest community would be the MOST diverse?

Answer 23

25 of each tree!

Question 24

Why are food chains relatively short?

Answer 24

Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient.

Question 25

Which term do ecologists use to describe the ability of a community either to resist change or to recover to its original state after change?

Answer 25

STABILITY

Question 26

According to the NONEQUILIBRIUM MODEL,

Answer 26

communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances.

Question 27

In a particular case of SECONDARY SUCCESSION, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was:

Answer 27

INHIBITION

Question 28

The 1988 Yellowstone National Park lodgepole pine forest fires were likely the result of…

Answer 28

years of fire suppression by humans

Question 29

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

Answer 29

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species.

Question 30

SPECIES RICHNESS increases…

Answer 30

as we travel southward from the North Pole.

Question 31

There are more species in tropical areas than in place more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of…

Answer 31

more intense annual solar radiation

Question 32

A community’s actual EVAPOTRANSPIRATION is a reflection of…

Answer 32

solar radiation
temperature
water availability

Question 33

Why do tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

Answer 33

Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities. (tropical organisms have had a longer time to evolve)

Question 34

Which of the following is a correct statement about the McArthur/Wilson ISLAND EQUILIBRIUM MODEL?

Answer 34

small islands receive few new immigrant species

Question 35

Which of the following best describes the consequences of WHITE-BAND DISEASE in Caribbean coral reefs?

Answer 35

Algal species take the place of the dead coral, and the fish community is dominated by HERBIVORES

Question 36

ZOONOTIC DISEASE

Answer 36

is caused by pathogens that are transferred from other animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a VECTOR

Question 37

In regards to ZOONOTIC DISEASES, which is most likely to be studied by a community ecologist?

Answer 37

AVIAN FLU