Chapter 53 Vitamins and minerals Flashcards
1
Q
Vitamins are classified as either ___ or _____ soluble
A
fat-soluble
or
water-soluble
2
Q
which kind of vitamins can be dissolved in water and are easily excreted in the urine?
A
water-soluble
3
Q
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
hint; list two things
A
- B-complex group
* Vitamin C
4
Q
Which type of vitamins can not be stored in the body in large amounts therefore require us to take them in daily to prevent any deficiencies?
(HL on PP)
A
water-soluble vitamins
b-complex group, vitamin C
5
Q
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in ___ and are stored in the _____ and _____ ______
A
- fat
* stored in the liver and fatty tissue
6
Q
How are Fat-soluble vitamins excreted?
A
feces
7
Q
Name 4 vitamins that are fat-soluble
A
vitamins A,D,E,K
8
Q
Which type of vitamins can lead to potential toxicity if they are ingested too often because they can be used and stored and don’t need to be taken everyday?
A
fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
9
Q
How many times more than the normal dose are they talking about when they say Nutrient Megadosing?
(HL on PP)
A
10x more
10
Q
If you have toxic accumulations of Vitamins in your system (especially A,D, and K), what is it called?
A
hypervitaminosis
11
Q
Which vitamins could be harmful to you if you were megadosing them?
A
your fat-soluble vitamins, A,D,E,K
12
Q
What is Vitamin A?
A
Retinol
13
Q
Name some of the food sources that contain Vitamin A
HL on PP
A
liver, fish, dairy products, egg yolks, dark leafy green vegetables, and yellow-orange vegetables and fruits
14
Q
Where does Vitamin A come from?
HL on PP
A
carotenes, which are found in plants, green and yellow vegetables and yellow fruits
15
Q
Vitamin A, Retinol, is required for the growth and development of _____ and _____.
(HL on PP)
A
bones and teeth
16
Q
Vitamin A (Retinol) is essential for which 2 types of vision? (HL on PP)
A
night and normal vision
17
Q
Vitamin A: Retinol is needed for reproduction
true or false?
(HL on PP)
A
true
18
Q
Vitamin A: Retinol is necessary for mucosal and __________ surface integrity.
(HL on PP)
A
epithelial
19
Q
Vitamin A is needed for cholesterol and steroid synthesis.
true or false?
(HL on PP)
A
true
20
Q
What’s one major affect of vitamin A deficiency highlighted in the PP?
(HL on PP)
A
Night blindness
21
Q
If you need a medication for you skin that has vitamin A in it, would you need a prescription?
(HL on PP)
A
yes
22
Q
Vitamin A is a dietary supplement for infants, pregnant and nursing women.
true or false?
(HL on PP)
A
true
23
Q
Which vitamin is known as the “Sunshine Vitamin”?
HL on PP
A
Vitamin D
24
Q
Which vitamin is needed for proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus?
(hint: need it to help absorb these)
(you can get it from supplements, diet, or the sun)
(HL on PP)
A
Vitamin D
25
Do you get the same kind of Vitamin D from the sun as you do from your diet?
```
no,
vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) from plant/diet
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) produced in skin from UV rays
```
26
Name some of the food sources that contain vitamin D
| HL on PP
Fish liver oils, saltwater fish, salmon, sardines
Fortified foods: milk, orange juice, cereals
Animal livers, eggs butter, dairy products
27
Name some of the conditions that are related to long-term Vitamin D deficiency
rickets, tetany, osteomalacia
28
Calcium and Vitamin _ are crucial for bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis
Vitamin D
29
In what three cases (health problems) is Vitamin D contraindicated?
(hints: one has to do with the kidneys, one has to do with calcium, the third has to do with phosphates/phosphorus)
Renal Disease
Hypercalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
30
Long term ingestion of excessive amounts of Vitamin D, can lead to toxicity, which can cause what?
(HL on PP)
```
anorexia
dry mouth
metallic taste
nausea
vomiting
abdominal cramps
```
31
Although the exact biological function of Vitamin E is unknown, what function do we associate it with?
(HL on PP)
antioxidant
32
Which Vitamin is Tocopherol?
Vitamin E
33
List 4 animal sources of Vitamin E
Eggs
Chicken
meats
Fish
34
Who has the highest risk of Vitamin E deficiency?
premature infants
35
What does BUN stand for?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
36
How many types of vitamin K are there? Name them
| HL on PP
3
Vitamin
K1, K2, K3
37
What are the two forms of Vitamin K1
| HL on PP
* phytonadione
* AquaMEPHYTON
these are the same thing, AquaMEPHYTON is the brand of phyonadione drug
(KNOW THESE FOR SURE)
38
Which of the 3 vitamin K's is synthesized by the Intestinal Flora?
(HL on PP)
K2
39
List some dietary sources of Vitamin K1
| HL on PP
* Green Leafy Vegetables
(broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale)
*cheese
*soybean oils
40
Which Vitamin is essential for the synthesis of blood coagulation factors in the liver?
(HL on PP)
Vitamin K
41
List the 4 Vitamin K dependent clotting factors
| HL on PP
II
XII
IX
X
42
Who is AquaMEPHYTON (a specific form of Vit. K1) given to prophylactically?
(HL on PP) KNOW THIS FORM OF VITAMIN K1)
ALL newborn infants
43
Name the form of Vitamin K that reverses the effects of certain anti-coagulants like Warfarin
(HL on PP) KNOW THIS
Vitamin K1 AquaMEPHYTON
| is given SUBQ and renders the patient unresponsive to Warfarin for 1 week
44
Name all of the different vitamins that are grouped as Vitamin B complex
(there are 7)
* Thiamine (B1)
* Riboflavin (B2)
* Niacin (B3)
* Pantothenic acid (B5)
* Pyridoxine (B6)
* Folic acid (B9)
* Cyanocobalamin (B12)
45
Name the specific water-soluble vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid
46
Are toxic reactions to water-soluble vitamins common or rare?
rare
47
Name some factors about water-soluble vitamins
* act as coenzymes or oxidation-reduction agents
* can dissolve in water
* are not stored in body so need to be ingested daily
* excessive amounts excreted in urine
48
Wernicke's Encephalopathy is a neurological disorder induced by the deficiency of which B complex vitamin
(hint: B1)
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
49
What is another name for Wernicke's Encephalopathy, the neurological disorder associated with Thiamine B1?
Cerebral beriberi
| causes brain lesions, polyneuropathy of peripheral nerves, serous effusions, cardiac anatomic changes
50
Name a few Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) food sources
enriched whole grain breads and cereals
51
Name the 3 main causes of (Thiamine) vitamin B1 deficiency
* Liver disease
* alcoholism
* malabsorption
52
What is Vitamin B1 essential for?
| 2 things
* carbohydrate metabolism
| * many metabolic pathways (Krebs cycle)
53
If you are Thiamine Vitamin B1 deficient, what 3 diseases/disorders may you need treatment for?
* Beriberi
* Wernicke's Encephalopathy
* Peripheral neuritis associated with pellagra
54
How does alcoholism have to do with thiamine deficiency?
alcoholism goes hand in hand with malabsorption and malabsorption keeps you from absorbing vitamins and nutrients like thiamine
55
People that have cirrhosis (of the liver) almost always have a deficiency of which B complex vitamin?
Thiamine (B1)
56
Thiamine deficiency in rare cases causes GI disease.
| true or false?
true
57
Give the number 1 main cause of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency
Alcoholism
58
Other than the main cause of Riboflavin (Vit. B2) deficiency which is alcoholism, what are the other cause of deficiency?
(HL on PP)
* Intestinal malabsorption
* Long-term infections
* Liver disease
* Malignancy
* Probenecid therapy
59
What is vitamin B2 converted into that is essential for tissue respiration?
enzymes
60
Riboflavin (B2) is required to activate which of the other B complex vitamins?
vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
61
What does Vitamin B2 convert Tryptophan into?
| hint: B3
Niacin
62
Which B complex vitamin maintains erythrocyte integrity?
Riboflavin (B2)
63
What does Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency result in?
Cutaneous, oral, and corneal changes
| (affects skin/lips
64
There are no adverse effects associated with Vitamin B2.
| true or false
true
65
List some of the food sources that contain vitamin B3 (Niacin)
* beans
* turkey
* tuna
* liver
* yeast
* enriched whole grain bread & cereals, wheat germ
66
Vitamin B3 can be synthesized from which essential amino acid?
tryptophan
67
Once vitamin B3 (Niacin) is ingested, it gets converted a few times until it is in the form of 2 coenzymes that are needed by the body to convert what 3 things into useable energy?
- protein
- fat
- carbohydrates
68
Vitamins B3 and B6 work hand in hand.
| true or false?
true
69
2 coenzyme forms of which Vitamin are required for Glycogenolysis.
Niacin (B3)
70
What type of drug (Indication) is Niacin used as, that requires a much higher dose than what's required when it's used for it's nutritional and metabolic effects?
(hint: the drugs name when broken down means opposed to-excessive-fat drug)
Antihyperlipidemic drug
| used in high doses to lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels by reducing VLDL synthesis
71
What is Pellagra?
| hint: a disease
a vitamin deficiency disease caused by chronic lack of Niacin (B3)
72
When are adverse effects of Niacin seen?
when higher doses are used in the treatment of Hyperlipidemia (when used as an Antihyperlipidemic drug)
The adverse effects include:
- Flushing
- Pruritus
- GI distress
73
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) is contraindicated in people with which 4 medical conditions?
- Liver Disease
- Hypotension
- Arterial Hemorrhages
- Active Peptic Ulcer Disease
74
How many compounds is Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) composed of?
Name them if you can
(they are all very similar)
3
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
75
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is used to convert what to what?
tryptophan to niacin
76
Vitamin B6 is necessary for many metabolic functions, one main function is the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, name the other main metabolic function.
(hint: remember B3 and B6 work hand in hand often)
protein, lipid, and carbohydrate utilization
77
Vitamin B6 deficiency is found associated with or can lead to which medical issues?
* Uremia
* alcoholism
* cirrhosis
* hyperthyroidism
* malabsoption
* heart failure
78
Name the specific type of toxicity that large doses of Pyridoxine (B6) can lead to?
neurotoxicity
79
What is Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) synthesized by that's present in the body?
microorganisms
80
List some food sources for Vitamin B12
| hint: minimal amounts in plants,so found primarily somewhere else
- liver
- kidney
- fish
- shellfish
- poultry
- milk
- eggs
- blue cheese
- fortified cereals
81
```
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) is present as two different coenzymes.
true or false
```
true
82
Cyanocobalamin (B12) is required for MANY metabolic pathways.
List the 5 mentioned in the lecture
* Fat and Carb metabolism
* Protein Synthesis
* Growth, cell replication
* Hematopoiesis
* Nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
83
Give the main cause for Vitamin B12 deficiency
poor dietary intake (vegetarians)
84
Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to what major issue
Neurologic damage
85
What is another name for Vitamin C?
| remember Vit. C is one of our water-soluble vitamins
Ascorbic Acid
86
List some natural sources of vitamin C
Citric fruits and juices, strawberries
tomatoes, potatoes
Broccoli, spinach, brussels sprouts
cabbage, green pepper, liver
87
Vitamin C is required for 6 metabolic activities, name them.
(NEED TO KNOW)
(HL on PP)
- Collagen synthesis
- maintenance of connective tissue
- Tissue repair
- maintenance of bone, teeth, and capillaries
- folic acid metabolism
- Erythropoiesis
88
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron.
| true or false?
true
89
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) is required for the synthesis of what 3 things?
* lipids
* proteins
* steroids
90
Does Vitamin C assist in cellular respiration and resistance to infections?
yes
91
Vitamin C deficiency results in what disease?
scurvy
92
List the 4 main symptoms of scurvy
* gingivitis- bleeding gum
* loss of teeth
* anemia
* delayed healing of soft tissues and bones
93
Name the 2 highlighted indications that Vitamin C is used for
wounds and burns
94
Megadoses of Vitamin C may cause what side effects?
```
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
abdominal cramps
acidified urine with possible stone formation
```
95
Name the most abundant mineral element in the body
| hint: bones
Calcium
96
You need adequate amounts of which vitamin to efficiently absorb the mineral Calcium
Vitamin D
97
What foods is calcium found in?
milk & dairy
| sardines and salmon
98
What mineral accounts for 2% of body weight?
Calcium
99
Name the mineral that is an essential part in many body functions including Cell membrane and capillary permeability, transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of all muscle types, renal function, respiration, and blood coagulation.
Calcium
| remember seeing Ca2+ all the time in Bio 224
100
what is the medical name for Calcium deficiency?
| HL on PP
hypocalcemia
101
List 3 symptoms of hypocalcemia
| HL on PP
* infantile rickets
* Adult Osteomalacia
* Osteoporosis
102
List the main causes of Calcium deficiency listed on Power Point
(HL on PP)
* inadequate intake of Calcium or Vit. D
* Hypoparathyroidism
* Malabsorption Syndrome
103
Calcium is a very necessary dietary supplement used by women during what?
pregnancy and lactation
104
Name the Medical condition that would be a major contraindication of Calcium
Ventricular Fibrillation of Heart
105
Give another medical term for Calcium toxicity
hypercalcemia
106
Severe hypercalcemia can cause what 3 major issues, the first being most important to remember
* Cardiac irregularities
* Delirium
* Coma
107
Name the Calcium drug interaction where calcium salts will bind (chelate) with tetracyclines to produce an insoluble complex
Chelation
108
define parenteral
something that is put inside the body in a way other than swallowing.
(example: an injection into the muscle, or subQ injection)
109
Calcium can be administered orally and parenterally.
How MUST calcium be administered by Infusion Pump?
(MUST KNOW, Prof. Ragnone specifically said)
* given in a diluted form
| * must be given slowly to prevent cardiac irregularities or cardiac arrest (less than 1 ml/min)
110
Magnesium is needed for Nerve physiology and muscle contraction.
true or false?
true
111
Who would require a higher amount of Magnesium?
people with diets high in protein-rich foods, calcium, and phosphorus
112
Medical name for Magnesium deficiency
hypomagnesemia
113
List the main highlighted adverse effects caused by hypermagnesemia
Heart Block
114
Phosphorus is widely distributed in foods. Are dietary deficiencies rare or common?
rare
115
Phosphorus is a major building block for body structures. It is also required for the synthesis of what 4 things?
* Nucleic Acid
* ADP
* AMP
* ATP
116
Phosphorus is necessary for the development and maintenance of which body system and also teeth
the skeletal system
| KNOW THIS
117
Give the main function of Phosphorus
it's responsible for cellular energy transfer
| KNOW THIS
118
What is the trace element Zinc most important for?
| HL on PP
it's important for normal tissue growth and repair, especially wound repair
119
IM or SubQ injections of Calcium can cause what?
localized reactions that include burning, necrosis or sloughing of tissue, venous irritation
(KNOW THESE, PROF. Ragnone mentioned needing to know)
120
Always follow specific guidelines for administration, especially if they are in regards to what?
parenteral administration
121
Which routes of administering drugs are enteral routes?
| the dirty ones
oral
sublingual
rectal
122
which route, enteral or parenteral has a high first pass?
enteral
