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IMMUNE1 LEC MIDTERM TRANSES > CHAPTER 5.2: STAGES OF B AND T CELL DIFFERENTIATION > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5.2: STAGES OF B AND T CELL DIFFERENTIATION Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used as markers to differentiate

A

T cells and B cells

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2
Q

Proteins can also be used to distinguish the developmental stages of the two types of cells according to when these proteins appear

A
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3
Q

• It acts as a reference in standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human white blood cells

A

CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION

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4
Q

• Give rise to a lymphoid myeloid progenitor

A

MULTIPOTENTIAL PROGENITOR STEM CELL (MMP)

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5
Q

LYMPHOID MYELOID PROGENITOR

• further differentiate to a (?)

A

common myeloid progenitor (MPP) and common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)

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6
Q

give rise to erythrocytes, granulocytes (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophil), monocytes and megakaryocyte (platelets)

A

Common Myeloid Progenitor

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7
Q

• give rise to T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells and dendritic cell

A

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

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8
Q

will depend on the exposure to the different cytokines

A

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

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9
Q

B Cell Differentiation

A
  1. Pro-B cell
  2. Pre-B cell
  3. Immature B cell
  4. Mature B cell
  5. Activated B cell
  6. Plasma Cell
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10
Q

T Cell Differentiation

A
  1. Double negative stage
  2. Double positive stage
  3. Mature T cell
  4. Antigen activation
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11
Q

STAGES OF B CELL DIFFERENTIATION

A
  1. PRO-B CELL
  2. PRE-B CELL
  3. IMMATURE B CELL
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12
Q
  1. PRO-B CELL

During this maturation process, the first step is the (?) (most important process in pro B cell) that code for the heavy and light chains of an antibody molecule.

A

rearrangement of genes

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13
Q
  1. PRO-B CELL

The end result is a (?) programmed to produce a unique antibody molecule, which consists of (?)

A

B lymphocyte

two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

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14
Q

Does not require any antigen in order to differentiate or to mature into a next stage

A

Antigen Independent Phase

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15
Q

Several transcriptions, or growth, factors are necessary to differentiate common lymphoid precursors to produce pro-B cells

A

Important Growth / Transcription factors for differentiation

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16
Q

E2A, Early B-cell factor (EBF), Paired box protein (PAX) and Interleukin-7

A

Important Growth / Transcription factors for differentiation

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17
Q

CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24 and c-Kit

A

Distinctive Markers

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18
Q

terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase (TdT) -important in antibody construction

A

Intracellular Proteins

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19
Q

recombination-activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2) codes for antibody production

A

Intracellular Proteins

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20
Q

Note: rearrangement of (?) is the most important process in pro B cell

A

heavy chains

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21
Q

Begins at the synthesis of the heavy chain part of antibody

A
  1. PRE-B CELL
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22
Q

The first heavy chains synthesized are the μ chains, which belong to the class of immunoglobulins called IgM (monomer in pre-B cell but the circulating IgM is pentamer).

A

PRE-B CELL

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23
Q

• CD43, c-Kit and TdT

A

Markers and proteins lost during process

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24
Q

u chain, surrogate light chain and 2 very short polypeptide chains that are non-covalently associated with each other

A

Surface Receptors

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25
Q

Adhere to the bone marrow stromal cell and transmit signal to prevent rearrangement of any other heavy chain

A

Pre-B cell receptor

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26
Q

Stimulates burst of clonal expansion (continuous production)

A

Pre-B cell receptor

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27
Q

Note: rearrangement of (?) is the most important process in pre-B cell

A

light chains

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28
Q

IMMATURE B CELL
Distinguishing characteristic

A

Presence of complete IgM molecule in the cell surface

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29
Q

This indicates that rearrangement of the genetic sequence coding for light chains on either chromosome 2 or 22 has taken place by this time.

A

IMMATURE B CELL

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30
Q

Completion of light chain rearrangement commits a cell to produce an antibody molecule with specificity for a particular antigen or group of related antigens.

A

IMMATURE B CELL

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31
Q

acts as a receptor for a breakdown product of the complement component C3, known as C3d

A
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32
Q

This enhances the likelihood of contact between B cells and antigen, because antigen frequently becomes coated with complement fragments during the immune response

A

CD21

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33
Q

Important for interaction of B cells with T cells.

A

CD40 and MHC Class II molecule

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34
Q

2 Destinations

A

• Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
• The remaining 10% leave the bone marrow and seed the lymphoid organs

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35
Q

There is evidence that self-antigens can give a negative signal to immature B cells resulting in arrested maturation and cell death

A
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36
Q

Immature B cells that tightly bind self-antigens through cross-linking of surface IgM molecules receive a signal to halt development, and they are eliminated or inactivated

A

Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

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37
Q

90% of B cells die in this manner without leaving the bone marrow.

A

Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

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38
Q

Takes place in the spleen

A

MATURE B CELL

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39
Q

remain in the spleen in order to respond quickly to any blood-borne pathogens they may come into contact with

A

Marginal Zone B cell

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40
Q

Lymph nodes and Other Secondary Lymphoid Organs (SLO)

A

MATURE B CELL

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41
Q

MATURE B CELL Distinguishing characteristic

A

Presence of IgM and IgD

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42
Q

same specificity for a particular antigen or group of antigens

A

Presence of IgM and IgD

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43
Q

is not required for B cell function but it may prolong the lifespan of mature B cells especially in peripheral blood

A

IgD

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44
Q

Naive B cells

A

Antigen-dependent phase

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45
Q

These B cells have a half-life of more than 6 weeks

A

Antigen-dependent phase

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46
Q

Primary Follicles of Peripheral Lymphoid tissues

A

Antigen-dependent activation

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47
Q

ACTIVATED B CELL Identifying Marker

A

CD25

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48
Q

found on both activated T and B cells

A
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49
Q

acts as a receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2)

A

CD25

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50
Q
  • a growth factor produced by T cells
A

interleukin-2 (IL-2)

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51
Q

Additional receptors that appear at this time are specific for other growth factors produced by T cells.

A
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52
Q

CD25

When B cells are activated in this manner, they transform into blasts that will give rise to both plasma cells and so-called (?).

A

memory cells

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53
Q

Not normally in the blood but are located in the germinal center of the peripheral lymphoid organs (PLO)

A

PLASMA CELLS

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54
Q

Spherical or ellipsoidal (10-20 um in size)

A

PLASMA CELLS

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55
Q

PLASMA CELLS Characterized by

A

Abundant cytoplasmic Immunoglobulin
Nucleus: eccentric or oval (heavily clamped chromatin-stains dark)
Abundant ER and well-defined golgi zone

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56
Q

are nondividing, and after several days of antibody production, they die without further proliferation

A

Plasma cells

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57
Q

Capable of responding to antigens with speed and intensity

A

MEMORY CELLS

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58
Q

Has longer life span

A

MEMORY CELLS

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59
Q

Represents progeny of antigen stimulated B cells

A

MEMORY CELLS

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60
Q

Similar in appearance with unstimulated B cells

A

MEMORY CELLS

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61
Q

They remain inactivated for months or years and ready to respond to antigen

A

MEMORY CELLS

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62
Q

Found in germinal layer

A

MEMORY CELLS

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63
Q

Sixty to 80 percent of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood are (?), and these become differentiated in the (?).

A

T cells

thymus

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64
Q

– site of differentiation

A

Thymus

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65
Q

– Lymphocyte Precursors

A

Thymocytes

66
Q

– Chemical messenger that dictates migration of thymocyte

A

Chemokines

67
Q

Early Surface markers of Thymocytes:

A

CD44 and CD25

68
Q

Maturation period:

A

3 weeks

69
Q

T-cell maturation in the thymus.

A
70
Q

T lymphocyte precursors (TP) enter the thymus at the cortico-medullary junction.

A
71
Q

They migrate upward in the cortex and begin development of the T-cell receptor.

A
72
Q

A small percent of precursors develops gamma-delta chains, while the majority develop alpha-beta chains and become double positive (DP) (both CD4 and CD8 are present).

A
73
Q

Positive and negative selection take place through the CD3/T cell receptor for antigen.

A
74
Q

If positively selected, the T cell becomes single-positive (SP); that is, either CD4_ or CD8_.

A
75
Q

Further interaction with macrophages or dendritic cells takes place to weed out any T cells able to respond to self-antigen.

A
76
Q

Surviving CD4_ and CD8_ cells exit the thymus to the peripheral cell

A
77
Q

STAGES OF B CELL DIFFERENTIATION

A
78
Q

STAGES OF T CELL DIFFERENTIATION

A
79
Q

Lacks CD4 and CD8

A

Early thymocyte

80
Q

Outer cortex

A

Active Proliferation

81
Q

Influenced by Inteleukin-7

A

Active Proliferation

82
Q

Rearrangement of the genes that code for the antigen receptor known as TCR begins at this stage CD3

A

Active Proliferation

83
Q

TCR, CD3, a-chain and b-chain

A

Antigen receptors

84
Q
  1. DOUBLE NEGATIVE STAGE
A
85
Q

Contains both CD4 and CD8 markers

A

DOUBLE POSITIVE STAGE

86
Q

Expression of CD3ab Receptor Complex

A

DOUBLE POSITIVE STAGE

87
Q

Double positive cells with functioning TCR

A

Positive selection

88
Q

cells must recognize foreign antigen in association with class I or class II MHC molecules

A

Positive selection

89
Q

Any thymocytes that are unable to recognize self-MHC antigens die without leaving the thymus.

A

Positive selection

90
Q

This weeding out is important, because functioning T cells must be able to recognize foreign antigen along with MHC molecules.

A

Positive selection

91
Q

Deletion of developing T cells

A

Negative Selection

92
Q

takes place among the surviving double-positive T cells with functional TCR

A

Negative Selection

93
Q

Strong reactions with self-peptides send a signal to delete the developing T cell by means of apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

A

Negative Selection

94
Q

Most T cells that would be capable of an autoimmune response are eliminated

A

Negative Selection

95
Q

This selection process is very rigorous, because only 1-3 % of the double-positive thymocytes in the cortex survive.

A

Negative Selection

96
Q

Survivors of selection exhibit only one type of marker, either CD4 or CD8, and they migrate to the medulla.

A

MATURE T CELLS

97
Q

MHC Class II protein

A

CD4+ T CELLS

98
Q

Known as Helper or Inducer T cells

A

CD4+ T CELLS

99
Q

TH1 – IFN-y and TNF-b

A

CD4+ T CELLS

100
Q

TH2 – IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL11

A

CD4+ T CELLS

101
Q

MHC Class I Protein

A

CD8+ T CELLS

102
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

CD8+ T CELLS

103
Q

Characterized by polyribosome filled cytoplasm

A

ANTIGEN ACTIVATION

104
Q

Express receptors for IL-2

A

ANTIGEN ACTIVATION

105
Q

ANTIGEN ACTIVATION

Activities:

A

Assisting B Cells in Antibody production
Kills tumor and other target cells
Rejects grafts
Stimulates hematopoiesis in the bone marrow
Stimulates delayed hypersensitivity reaction

106
Q

A small percentage of lymphocytes do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells.

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

107
Q

Larger than T and B Cells (15um in diameter)

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

108
Q

They play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and the acquired response to pathogens

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

109
Q

Ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

110
Q

Early defenders

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

111
Q

lacks specificity

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

112
Q

NATURAL KILLER CELLS
Surface Markers:

A

CD56 and CD16

113
Q

They play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and the acquired response

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

114
Q

to pathogens

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

115
Q

Gives time for T and B cells to activate

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

116
Q

TWO SUBSETS OF NK CELLS

A

Increased CD56, decreased CD16

Decreased CD56, Increased CD16

117
Q

Helpful to produce more cytokines and help support antibody production

A

Increased CD56, decreased CD16

118
Q

Higher cytotoxic activity

A

Decreased CD56, Increased CD16

119
Q

45-58

A

CD2

120
Q

Thymocytes, T cells, NK cells

A

CD2

121
Q

20-28

A

CD3

122
Q

Thymocytes, T cells

A

CD3

123
Q

Associated with T-cell antigen receptor; role in TCR signal transduction

A

CD3

124
Q

55

A

CD4

125
Q

Helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages

A

CD4

126
Q

Coreceptor for MHC class II; receptor for HIV

A

CD4

127
Q

58

A

CD5

128
Q

Mature T cells, thymocytes, subset of B cells (B1)

A

CD5

129
Q

Positive or negative modulation of T and B cell receptor signaling

A

CD5

130
Q

60-76

A

CD8

131
Q

Thymocyte subsets, cytotoxic T cell

A

CD8

132
Q

Coreceptor for MHC class I

A

CD8

133
Q

100

A

CD10

134
Q

B and T cell precursors, bone marrow stromal cells

A

CD10

135
Q

Protease; marker for pre-B CALLA

A

CD10

136
Q

50-80

A

CD16

137
Q

Macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils

A

CD16

138
Q

Low affinity Fc receptor, mediates phagocytosis and ADCC

A

CD16

139
Q

> 120

A

CD19

140
Q

B cells, follicular dendritic cell

A

CD19

141
Q

Part of B cell coreceptor, signal transduction molecule that regulates B-cell development and activation

A

CD19

142
Q

145

A

CD21

143
Q

B cells, follicular dendritic cells, subset of immature thymocytes

A

CD21

144
Q

Receptor for complement component C3d; part of B-cell coreceptor with CD19

A

CD21

145
Q

45

A

CD23

146
Q

B cells, monocytes, follicular dendritic cell

A

CD23

147
Q

Regulation of IgE synthesis; triggers release of IL-1, IL-6, and GM-CSF from monocytes

A

CD23

148
Q

55

A

CD25

149
Q

Activated T, B cells, monocytes

A

CD25

150
Q

Receptor for IL-2

A

CD25

151
Q

85

A

CD44

152
Q

Most leukocytes

A

CD44

153
Q

Adhesion molecule mediating homing to peripheral lymphoid organs

A

CD44

154
Q

180

A

CD25R

155
Q

Different forms on all hematopoietic cells

A

CD25R

156
Q

Essential in T and B cell antigen-stimulated activation

A

CD25R

157
Q

175-220

A

CD56

158
Q

NK cells, subsets of T cells

A

CD56

CD94

159
Q

Not known

A

CD56

160
Q

70

A

CD94

161
Q

Subunit of NKG2-A complex involved in inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity

A

CD94

162
Q
A

CD94

IMMUNE1 LEC MIDTERM TRANSES (4 decks)

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