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IMMUNE1 LEC MIDTERM TRANSES > CHAPTER 5: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE SYSTEM (LYMPHOID SYSTEM) > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5: THE IMMUNE RESPONSE SYSTEM (LYMPHOID SYSTEM) Flashcards

1
Q

ORGANS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE: LYMPHOID SYSTEM
Divided into two:

A

Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs

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2
Q

: Main producers of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

A

Primary

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3
Q

: Site of maturation and site where lymphocytes can perform their main functions.

A

Secondary

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4
Q

Provide appropriate microenvironments or the development and maturation of lymphocytes

A

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

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5
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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6
Q

Largest tissue of the body (adult: 1300 to 1500g)

A

Bone Marrow

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7
Q

Primary source of pluripotent stem cells that give rise to all hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

Bone Marrow

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8
Q

Common myeloid progenitor gives rise to

A

erythrocytes, platelets, basophil, eosinophil, and granulocytes

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9
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor gives rise to

A

B and T cells

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10
Q

Major organ for B cell maturation (“B” cells = “B”one marrow) gives rise to the precursor cells of the

A

thymic lymphocytes

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11
Q

Bone Marrow

Functions:

Produce large numbers of (?), each with unique (?) such that, overall, there is sufficient B cells diversity to recognize millions of microbial antigens in the environment.

A

B cells

antigen receptors (antibodies)

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12
Q

Eliminate B cells with antigen receptors having

A

high affinity for self-molecules

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13
Q

Bone Marrow Center for

A

antigen-independent lymphopoiesis

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14
Q

B cells in bone marrow are

A

naïve B cells

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15
Q

means there is no prior interaction with an antigen

A

Naïve

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16
Q

Maturity of B cells is not dependent of

A

antigen interaction

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17
Q

= T cells (Most abundant)

A

• 61-89%

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18
Q

= NK cells

A

• 22%

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19
Q

= B cells

A

• 10-20%

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20
Q

Flat bilobed organ above the heart

A

Thymus

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21
Q

Thymus

Weighs and average of (?) at birth, reaches about (?) at puberty, and then gradually atrophies.

A

30 g

35 g

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22
Q

Although the thymus diminishes in size, it is still capable of producing (?) until atleast the (?) of life.

A

T lymphocytes

fifth or sixth decade

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23
Q

Thymus

Each Lobe surrounded by a (?) and divided into (?).

A

capsule

lobules

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24
Q

Each lobule:

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

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25
Q

densely packed with immature T cells: thymocytes

A

Outer cortex

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26
Q

immature T cells

A

thymocytes

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27
Q
  • lymphocyte precursors with acquired surface membrane antigens.
A

Thymocytes

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28
Q

Thymocytes-

(?) are acquired as the (?) travel from the (?) over aperiod of (?).

A

Surface antigens

lymphocytes

cortex to the medulla

2 to 3 weeks

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29
Q

: sparsely populated with thymocytes

A

Inner medulla

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30
Q

Progenitors of T cells appear in the fetus as early as (?)

A

8 weeks in the gestational period

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31
Q

Essential to acquisition of immunocompetence by the time the infant is born.

A

Progenitors of T cells

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32
Q

Site of T-cell development and maturation through rearrangement of gene segments that encode (?)

A

T cell receptor

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33
Q

Progenitor cells that migrate to the thymus proliferate and differentiate under the influence of the

A

humoral factor-thymosin

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34
Q

Trap antigen from defined tissues or vascular spaces and are sites where mature lymphocytes can interact effectively with the antigen

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

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35
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

A

Tonsils, spleen (entry through circulation), lymph nodes (Lymphatics and skin), Peyer’s patches, appendix, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

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36
Q

potential sites for contact with foreign antigen

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

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37
Q

increase the probability of an immune response

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

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38
Q

are located along lymphatic ducts

A

Lymph nodes

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39
Q

serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues

A

Lymph nodes

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40
Q

arises from passage of fluids and low molecular- weight solutes out of blood vessel walls and into the interstitial spaces between cell

A

Lymph fluid

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41
Q

Some of this interstitial fluid returns to the bloodstream through (?), but a portion flow through the (?) and is eventually collected in thin-walled vessels known as (?)

A

venules

tissues

lymphatic vessels

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42
Q

are especially numerous near joints and where the arms and legs join the body

A

Lymph nodes

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43
Q

Nodes range in size from (?) to about (?) in diameter

A

1 mm

25 mm

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44
Q

Filtration is a main function of these organs.

A

Lymph Nodes

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45
Q

The lymph fluid flows slowly through spaces called (?), which are lined with (?), creating an ideal location for phagocytosis to take place.

A

sinuses

macrophages

46
Q

Lymph Nodes

The tissue is organized into an (?).

A

outer cortex, a paracortex, and an inner medulla

47
Q

Layers of Lymph Node

A

Cortex

Paracortex

Inner Medulla

48
Q

Lymph Node Cells:

A

Macrophages, most of B cells, follicular dendritic cells

49
Q

The outermost layer

A

Cortex

50
Q

Contains macrophages and aggregations of B cells (Mature resting/Naïve) in primary follicles similar to those found in the spleen.

A

Primary Follicles

51
Q

Specialized cells called follicular dendritic cells are also located here.

A

Primary Follicles

52
Q

Found only in lymphoid follicles

A

follicular dendritic cells

53
Q

have long cytoplasmic processes that radiate out like tentacles

A

follicular dendritic cells

54
Q

These cells exhibit a large number of receptors for antibody and complement

A

follicular dendritic cells

55
Q

help to capture antigen to present to T and B cells

A

follicular dendritic cells

56
Q

Consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells.

A

Secondary Follicles

57
Q

The interior of a secondary follicle is known as the (?), because it is here that (?) of the B cells takes place.

A

germinal center

blast transformation

58
Q

→ B cell will further develop to plasma cells which will produce memory T cell

A

Blast transformation

59
Q

which actively secrete antibody

A

Plasma cells

60
Q

which are just a step away from forming plasma cells

A

memory cells

61
Q

Secondary Follicles

A
62
Q

Primary Follicles

A
63
Q

Paracortex Cells:

A

Most T cells

64
Q

Space between cortex/follicles and medulla

A

Paracortex

65
Q

are mainly localized in the paracortex

A

T lymphocytes

66
Q

T lymphocytes are in close proximity to antigen-presenting cells called

A

interdigitating cells

67
Q

Inner Medulla Cells:

A

mostly macrophages, numerous plasma cells

68
Q

The medulla is less densely populated but contains some (?)

A

T cells (in addition to B cells), macrophages, and numerous plasma cells

69
Q

(?) are removed as the fluid travels across the node from (?). The transit time through a lymph node is approximately (?)

A

Particulate antigens

cortex to medulla

18 hours

70
Q

If contact with antigen takes place, lymphocyte traffic shuts down due to the proliferation of activated cells.

A

Inner Medulla

71
Q

Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a condition known as lymphadenopathy.

A

Inner Medulla

72
Q

Recirculation of expanded numbers of lymphocytes then occurs

A

Inner Medulla

73
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

74
Q

Spleen

having a length of approximately (?) and weighing (?) in the adult

A

12 cm

150 g

75
Q

It is located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm and surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule.

A

Spleen

76
Q

The organ can be characterized as a large discriminating filter

A

Spleen

77
Q

removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood

A

Spleen

78
Q

Each day, an adult’s blood volume passes through the spleen approximately (?)

A

four (4) times

79
Q

can constantly survey for infectious agents or other foreign matter

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

80
Q

Splenectomy: Increases risk of infection with

A

encapsulated bacteria and severe malaria

81
Q

Splenic tissue can be divided into two main types:

A

red pulp and white pulp

82
Q

Red Pulp Cells:

A

Platelets, RBCs, WBCs

83
Q

Makes up more than one-half of the total volume

A

Red Pulp

84
Q

Its function is to destroy old red blood cells through splenic culling.

A

Red Pulp

85
Q

Blood flows from the arterioles into the red pulp and then exits by way of the splenic vein

A

Red Pulp

86
Q

Comprises approximately 20 percent of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue, which is arranged around arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

A
87
Q

Lymphocytes enter and leave this area by means of the many capillary branches that connect to the arterioles.

A

White Pulp

88
Q

This sheath contains mainly T cells.

A

PALS

89
Q

Attached to the sheath are primary follicles, which contain B cells that are not yet stimulated by antigen.

A

Follicular Area

90
Q

Surrounding the PALS ; containing dendritic cells that trap antigen.

A

Marginal Zone

91
Q

Marginal Zones

A

MACs, CD4 T cells (T helper cells), B cells

92
Q

50% of lymphoid tissue in human body is located in the lining/mucosa of major tracts

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

93
Q

found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

94
Q

Here macrophages and lymphocytes are localized at some of the main ports of entry for foreign organisms.

A

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

95
Q

(?) represent a specialized type of MALT and are located at the (?) of the intestinal tract.

A

Peyer’s patches

lower ileum

96
Q

Types of MALT

A
97
Q

Nasal

A
98
Q

throat and nasal passages: and, tonsils

A
99
Q

Gut; Peyer’s patches:

A

GALT

100
Q

specialized epithelium antigen presenting cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes.

A

GALT

101
Q

Liver

A

GALT

102
Q

Features immunoglobulin A (IgA) production and involves a unique pattern of lymphocyte recirculation.

A

GALT

103
Q

Important for the development of tolerance to ingested antigen

A

GALT

104
Q

Bronchus

A

BALT

105
Q

lymphoid aggregates and follicles along main bronchi

A

BALT

106
Q

It is mainly associated with IgA production in response to inhaled antigens

A

BALT

107
Q

The epidermis contains a number of intraepidermal lymphocytes.

A

Cutaneous Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

108
Q

Most of these are T cells, which are uniquely positioned to combat any antigens that enter through the skin.

A

Cutaneous Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

109
Q

This association of lymphocytes is known as the cutaneousassociated lymphoid tissue.

A

Cutaneous Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

110
Q

Found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

A

Tonsils and Appendix

111
Q

Function: to respond to pathogens entering the respiratory and alimentary tracts

A

Tonsils and Appendix

IMMUNE1 LEC MIDTERM TRANSES (4 decks)

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