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PSYO2150 - Midterm #1 - Perceptual Processes > Chapter 5.1 - Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 5.1 - Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A

Artificial Intelligence is technology that allows a machine to mimic human behaviour

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2
Q

What are the subsets of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A

Machine Learning (Supervised) & Deep Learning (Unsupervised)

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3
Q

What is Machine Learning?

A

Machine Learning is a type of supervised learning, where humans curate training data, and write rules to create algorithms to allow this process to work

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4
Q

What is Deep Learning?

A

Deep Learning is a type of unsupervised learning that is mediated through an artificial neural network where there is no human intervention

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5
Q

Machine Learning is ___

A

Supervised

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6
Q

Deep Learning is ___

A

Unsupervised

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7
Q

___ has enabled faster progress in artificial vision

A

Deep Learning (Unsupervised)

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8
Q

Humans don’t know enough about ___ to make good rules about machine learning for artificial vision, ___ is able to create a better performing AI

A

Biological Vision // Unsupervised Deep Learning

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9
Q

What is a consequence of Deep Learning?

A

Humans sometimes can’t understand the rules of artificial neural networks

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10
Q

How many neurons does a fruit fly have?

A

~250,000

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11
Q

Which is more advanced, navigation and vision from Computer AI, or from a biological system?

A

Biological system

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12
Q

How long will it take before our artificial computer-based vision and navigation matches that of a biological system?

A

A long time

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13
Q

What is the Inverse Projection Problem?

A

The stimulus falling on the retina is very ambiguous, and different objects can cast the same image on the retina

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14
Q

We exist and operate in a __ world, however we gather visual information from __ images projected onto the retina, and so there can be many possible shapes in the environment that can create a similar image

A

3D // 2D

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15
Q

Projection of the __ world onto the __ retina, is then reconstructed into a __ Perception

A

3D // 2D // 3D

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16
Q

The retinal image only provides limited information about the ___ of the object

A

Properties

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17
Q

Why can the retinal image be difficult to interpret?

A

Because objects of interest can be hidden/obscured or blurred

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18
Q

What happens if you’re not accommodating to the distance of an object?

A

Any of the other objects in the scene, closer or further, will be blurred

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19
Q

What is Viewpoint Invariance?

A

The ability to recognize a single object seen from different viewpoints

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20
Q

What is Viewpoint Invariance important for?

A

For interacting with objects that can move relative to where you are looking at them from.

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21
Q

Computers used to have tremendous difficulty with ___ , but they are getting better at it

A

viewpoint invariance

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22
Q

What can human perception effortlessly achieve that computers still struggle with?

A

Viewpoint Invariance, (recognition of objects, for e.g. faces)

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23
Q

Computers facial recognition software can recognize human faces facing ___ as well as humans can, but do much worse with human faces facing ___

A

head-on // different directions

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24
Q

What can cause ambiguity in an image?

A

Light & Shadow

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25
Q

What is Perceptual Organization?

A

A process where elements in the environment are organized (put together / combined / grouped) to create our perception of objects

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26
Q

What are the two components of Perceptual Organization?

A

Grouping & Segregation

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27
Q

What is Grouping?

A

Bringing elements together, putting them together into objects

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28
Q

What is Segregation?

A

Separating those objects from different parts of the scene

29
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

A Structuralist

30
Q

How did Structuralists refer to Sensations?

A

Elementary processes that occur from sensory stimulation

31
Q

How did Structuralists refer to Perception?

A

Complex conscious experience produced, including awareness of objects

32
Q

How did Structuralists believe perceptions were created?

A

By combining individual sensations

33
Q

Who said that “The whole is the sum of its parts”?

A

Structuralists

34
Q

Who said that “The whole is different than the sum of the part”?

A

Kohler & Wertheimer

35
Q

What is an example of “The whole is different than the sum of the part”?

A

Our perception of the 3D world when we know that the images on the retina are actually 2 dimensional

36
Q

What is Apparent Movement?

A

A percept that is different than the sum of its parts, because there is no movement that is present, it is just creating the perception of movement.

37
Q

Illusory Contours and Necker Cubers demonstrate ___

A

That the whole is different than the sum of its parts

38
Q

Who came up with the Laws of Perceptual Organization?

A

The Gestaltists

39
Q

What is Pragnanz – Law of Good Figure / Law of Simplicity?

A

Every stimulus is perceived so that the structure is as simple as possible (K.I.S.S - Keep It Simple Stupid)

40
Q

What is the Law of similarity?

A

Similar things appear to be grouped together

41
Q

Law of Good Continuation?

A

Lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time and space. Straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together

(Example: this is a way in which people are able to untangle their headphone cords)

42
Q

What is Proximity of Nearness?

A

Things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together.

43
Q

When a percept creates a battle between two Gestalt laws, will Proximity or Similarity win?

A

This usually depends on the observer

44
Q

What 3 laws came after the original Gestalt work?

A

Common Region, Connectedness, and Synchrony

45
Q

What is Common Region?

A

Elements within the same region appear grouped together, uniform

46
Q

What is Connectedness?

A

Connected regions are perceived as a single unit

47
Q

What is Synchrony?

A

Events that occur at the same time are perceived as belonging together

48
Q

What is Law of Common Fate?

A

Objects moving in the same direction tend to be grouped together. Similar to synchrony, but requires motion

49
Q

What is Perceptual Segregation/Figure-ground Segregation?

A

Separating objects from the rest of the scene

50
Q

What is Figure?

A

A separate object, that stands out from the background

51
Q

What is Ground?

A

The background on which the object sits

52
Q

Figure is perceived as more ___, and is more ___ than the ground

A

“thing-like” // memorable

53
Q

Figure is usually seen as being ___ the ground/background

A

in front of

54
Q

Ground is perceived as ___, and extends ___ the figure

A

“unformed” // behind

55
Q

What is Border Ownership?

A

The border that separates the figure from the ground is perceived as belonging to the figure

56
Q

Are symmetrical areas seen as Figure or Ground?

A

Figure

57
Q

Are convex things seen as Figure or Ground?

A

Figure

58
Q

Are small things seen as Figure or Ground?

A

Figure

59
Q

Do things on the bottom of the scene tend to be seen as Figure or Ground?

A

Figure

60
Q

Do things on the bottom of the scene tend to be seen as Figure or Ground?

A

Figure

61
Q

Why do things on the bottom of the scene tend to be seen as Figure?

A

Because in natural scenes, most of the objects that you can interact with are on the bottom half of the scene

62
Q

Gestaltist downplayed the importance of ___

A

Top-Down/learned Information/experience/meaningfullness

63
Q

There has been some inconsistency in the way Gestaltists accounted for ___ in Figure-Ground Segregation

A

meaningfulness

64
Q

___ can affect figure-ground segregation even for short viewing durations

A

Learning/Top-Down Information/Meaning

65
Q

What is Prolonged Viewing?

A

Familiar objects that we are accustomed to seeing, tend to be grouped and segregated from the ground (sometimes known as Gestalt law of familiarity), meaningfulness is important here

66
Q

It is useful to view the Gestalt Laws as ___

A

Heuristics

67
Q

What is a Heuristic?

A

A problem solving short-cut, or “best-guess” solution. Heuristics save time and processing power, but only work sometimes

68
Q

What is an Algorithm?

A

A set of (sometimes many) steps for solving a problem that works every time. Can be very time and energy intensive

PSYO2150 - Midterm #1 - Perceptual Processes (7 decks)

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