Chapter 51 Circulation & Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

Blood Entering the Heart

Answer 1

Blood enters R atrium, then to R ventricle, and flows out through the pulmonary artery to lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Blood Returning to the Heart

Answer 2

Blood returns to L atrium, then to L ventricle, and pumped to the body through the aorta.

Question 3

What are elastic muscular vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

Answer 3

Arteries

Question 4

What are thin compressible vessels that carry deoxygenated blood BACK to the heart.

Answer 4

Veins

Question 5

Enclosed by a double layer of fibro-serous membrane

Answer 5

Pericardium

Question 6

What is the hearts Outermost layer?

Answer 6

Epicardium

Question 7

Cardiac muscle cells that form bulk of the heart

Answer 7

Myocardium

Question 8

Lines inside of the hearts chambers

Answer 8

Endocardium

Question 9

Two lower chambers within the heart

Answer 9

Ventricles

Question 10

Two upper chambers within the heart

Answer 10

Atria

Question 11

Muscular wall separating the heart chambers

Answer 11

Septum

Question 12

Valves between the atria and the ventricles

Answer 12

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 13

Valves between the ventricles and the great vessels

Answer 13

Semilunar Valves

Question 14

Network of vessels that supply heart muscle with oxygen and nourishment

Answer 14

Coronary Arteries (aka coronary circulation)

Question 15

*Cardiac Cycle: Within each heartbeat the myocardium goes through a cycle of?

Answer 15

Contraction (Systole) and Relaxation (Diastole)

Question 16

*When the heart ejects (propels) the blood into pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 16

Systole

Question 17

*When the ventricles fill with blood. (Pass of process)

Answer 17

Diastole

Question 18

*What is the primary pacemaker of the heart? How many bpm is a regular heart rate?

Answer 18

SA Node; 60-100 BPM

Question 19

*Left ventricular end diastolic volume (relaxation), stretch of the mycardium

Answer 19

Preload

Question 20

*The inherent ability of cardiac muscle fibers to shorten or contract

Answer 20

Contractility

Question 21

*Resistance against which the heart must pump

Answer 21

Afterload

Question 22

What moves blood from the heart to the tissues, maintaining constant flow to the capillary beds despite the intermittent pumping of the heart?

Answer 22

Arterial Circulation

Question 23

*What is the force exerted on arterial walls by blood flowing within the vessel

Answer 23

Blood Pressure

Question 24

In contrast to the high-pressured arterial system, What is too low to adequately return blood from peripheral tissues to the heart without assistance?

Answer 24

Venous Pressure

Question 25

What activity contributes to the muscular pump, as the muscle contractions "milk" blood toward the heart?

Answer 25

Skeletal muscle activity

Question 26

What is a complex mixture of living elements (blood cells) suspended in fluid (the plasma):

Answer 26

Blood

Question 27

What is a major component of RBC's, and is the predominant cell present in the blood?

Answer 27

Hemoglobin

Question 28

What are 5 Problems of circulation in older adults?

Answer 28

1. Blood vessels become less elastic 2. Impaired valve function 3. Decrease of muscle tone 4. Decrease in baroreceptor response to BP changes 5. Decrease in conduction ability in the heart.

Question 29

Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Function: Name 3 Non-Modifiable risk factors

Answer 29

Heredity, age, and gender

Question 30

Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Function: Name 6 Modifiable Risk Factors

Answer 30

Elevated serum lipid levels, Hypertension, Cigarette Smoking, Diabetes, Obesity, Sedentary Lifestyle.

Question 31

Name Good Cholesterol and lab values:

Answer 31

HDL >45 in Male and >55 in Female

Question 32

Name Bad Cholesterol and the lab value:

Answer 32

LDL 60-180

Question 33

*Cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that increase the incidence of CVD.

Answer 33

Metabolic Syndrome

Question 34

*5 risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome?

Answer 34

Central obesity, increased triglycerides, low HDL, cholesterol, hypertension, and elevated fasting glucose.

Question 35

*Screening test for inflammatory process in Cardiovascular disease?

Answer 35

C-Reactive Protein

Question 36

*An amino acid that has been shown to be increased in many people with arteriosclerosis.

Answer 36

Elevated Homocysteine level

Question 37

*Clients with elevated homocysteine levels may have an increased risk of?

Answer 37

MI, CVD, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), and peripheral vascular disease.

Question 38

Cardiovascular function can be altered by conditions that affect?

Answer 38

The function of the heart as a pump, blood flow to organs and peripheral tissues, and the composition of the blood and its ability to transport O2 and CO2

Question 39

The vessels that supply blood o the heart muscle may become occluded by artheriosclerosis or a blood clot, shutting off the blood supply to a portion of the myocardium. When this happens, the tissue becomes necrotic and dies

Answer 39

Myocardial Infarction

Question 40

Signs and Symptoms of a Myocardial Infarction?

Answer 40

Chest pain (sub sternal or radiating to the left arm, jaw.), Nausea, SOB, Diaphoresis

Question 41

What may develop if the heart is unable to keep up with the body's need for O2 and nutrients to the tissues?

Answer 41

Heart Failure

Question 42

Why does heart failure usually occur?

Answer 42

HF usually occurs because of MI, but it may also result from chronic overwork of the heart, such as clients with uncontrolled HTN or extensive artheriosclerosis.

Question 43

Two forms of Impaired Tissue Perfusion?

Answer 43

Artheriosclerosis: Build up of fatty plaques within the arteries. Ischemia: Lack of blood supply

Question 44

Signs of impaired peripheral arterial circulation in the legs and feet?

Answer 44

Decreased peripheral pulses, pain, cool extremities, and decreased hair distribution.

Question 45

What is a blood clot going into the lungs called?

Answer 45

Pulmonary Embolism

Question 46

*What are the following signs of: Pooling blood in the veins, Edema, decrease venous return to the heart, veins become inflamed reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of thrombus, and Pulmonary Edema:

Answer 46

Impaired Venous Circulation

Question 47

What are the following signs and symptoms of: Chronic fatigue, pallor, SOB, and hypotension

Answer 47

Anemia