Chapter 50

Question 1

Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the _.

Answer 1

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 2

All stimuli represent forms of _.

Answer 2

Energy

Question 3

When a stimulus’s input to the nervous system is processed, a _ may be generated.

Answer 3

Motor Response

Question 4

This may involved a simple _ or more elaborate processing.

Answer 4

Reflex

Question 5

Sensory pathways have four basic functions in common:

Answer 5

• Sensory reception
• Transduction
• Transmission
• Integration

Question 6

Sensations and perceptions begin with sensory reception, detection of _ by sensory receptors.

Answer 6

Stimuli

Question 7

_ interact directly with stimuli, both inside and outside the body.

Answer 7

Sensory receptors

Question 8

Some sensory receptors are specialized _ while others are specialized cells that regulate neurons.

Answer 8

Neurons

Question 9

Sensory Transduction

Answer 9

The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor

Question 10

This change in membrane potential is called a _.

Answer 10

Receptor potential

Question 11

Receptor potentials are _ potentials; their magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus.

Answer 11

Graded

Question 12

The receptor potential (made during transduction) initiates _ that are transmitted to the CNS.

Answer 12

Action potentials

Question 13

The response of a sensory receptor varies with _ of stimuli.

Answer 13

Intensity

Question 14

Integration

Answer 14

Processing of sensory information so that motor response can begin

Question 15

Integration can occur before, during, and after transmission of _ to the CNS.

Answer 15

Action potentials

Question 16

Usually, integration of sensory information begins as soon as the information is _.

Answer 16

Received

Question 17

Based on energy transduced, sensory receptors fall into five categories:

Answer 17

• Mechanoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Electromagnetic receptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Pain receptors

Question 18

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 18

Sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound

Question 19

The knee-jerk response is triggered by the _ receptor, a mechanoreceptor that detects muscle movement.

Answer 19

Vertebrate stretch

Question 20

The mammalian sense of touch relies on mechanoreceptors that are _ of sensory neurons.

Answer 20

Dendrites

Question 21

General chemoreceptors transmit information about the total solute _ of a solution.

Answer 21

Concentration

Question 22

Specific _ respond to individual kinds of molecules.

Answer 22

Chemoreceptors

Question 23

When a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor, the chemoreceptor becomes more or less permeable to _.

Answer 23

Ions

Question 24

The antennae of the male silkworm moth have very sensitive specific _.

Answer 24

Chemoreceptors

Question 25

Electromagnetic Receptors

Answer 25

Detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism

Question 26

Some snakes have very sensitive infrared receptors that detect _ of prey against a colder background.

Answer 26

Body heat

Question 27

Many animals apparently _ using Earth’s magnetic field to orient themselves.

Answer 27

Migrate

Question 28

Thermoreceptors, which respond to heat or cold, help regulate _ by signaling both surface and body core temperature.

Answer 28

Body temperature

Question 29

Mammals have a variety of thermoreceptors, each specific for a particular _ (including capsaicin and transient receptor potential receptors, or TRP receptors).

Answer 29

Temperature range

Question 30

In humans, pain receptors, or _, detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions.

Answer 30

Nociceptors

Question 31

_ respond to excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues.

Answer 31

Pain receptors

Question 32

Sensory Systems

Answer 32

• Hearing (and equilibrium)
• Vision
• Taste
• Smell