Chapter 50 Flashcards
Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the _.
Central nervous system (CNS)
All stimuli represent forms of _.
Energy
When a stimulus’s input to the nervous system is processed, a _ may be generated.
Motor Response
This may involved a simple _ or more elaborate processing.
Reflex
Sensory pathways have four basic functions in common:
- Sensory reception
- Transduction
- Transmission
- Integration
Sensations and perceptions begin with sensory reception, detection of _ by sensory receptors.
Stimuli
_ interact directly with stimuli, both inside and outside the body.
Sensory receptors
Some sensory receptors are specialized _ while others are specialized cells that regulate neurons.
Neurons
Sensory Transduction
The conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor
This change in membrane potential is called a _.
Receptor potential
Receptor potentials are _ potentials; their magnitude varies with the strength of the stimulus.
Graded
The receptor potential (made during transduction) initiates _ that are transmitted to the CNS.
Action potentials
The response of a sensory receptor varies with _ of stimuli.
Intensity
Integration
Processing of sensory information so that motor response can begin
Integration can occur before, during, and after transmission of _ to the CNS.
Action potentials
Usually, integration of sensory information begins as soon as the information is _.
Received
Based on energy transduced, sensory receptors fall into five categories:
- Mechanoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Electromagnetic receptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Pain receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, stretch, motion, and sound
The knee-jerk response is triggered by the _ receptor, a mechanoreceptor that detects muscle movement.
Vertebrate stretch
The mammalian sense of touch relies on mechanoreceptors that are _ of sensory neurons.
Dendrites
General chemoreceptors transmit information about the total solute _ of a solution.
Concentration
Specific _ respond to individual kinds of molecules.
Chemoreceptors
When a stimulus molecule binds to a chemoreceptor, the chemoreceptor becomes more or less permeable to _.
Ions
The antennae of the male silkworm moth have very sensitive specific _.
Chemoreceptors
Electromagnetic Receptors
Detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism
Some snakes have very sensitive infrared receptors that detect _ of prey against a colder background.
Body heat
Many animals apparently _ using Earth’s magnetic field to orient themselves.
Migrate
Thermoreceptors, which respond to heat or cold, help regulate _ by signaling both surface and body core temperature.
Body temperature
Mammals have a variety of thermoreceptors, each specific for a particular _ (including capsaicin and transient receptor potential receptors, or TRP receptors).
Temperature range
In humans, pain receptors, or _, detect stimuli that reflect harmful conditions.
Nociceptors
_ respond to excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues.
Pain receptors
Sensory Systems
- Hearing (and equilibrium)
- Vision
- Taste
- Smell
