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Anthropology > Chapter 5: What It Means to Be a Primate > Flashcards

Chapter 5: What It Means to Be a Primate Flashcards

1
Q

mammalia

A

the class to which all mammals belong; this includes placental, egg-laying, and marsupial mammals

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2
Q

quadrupedal

A

walking on all four limbs

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3
Q

prehensile

A

grasping

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4
Q

opposable

A

the thumb or big toe can make contact with the tip of each of the other digits on the same hand/foot

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5
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

characterized by overlapping fields of view, allowing humans and other primates to see in three dimensions

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6
Q

postorbital bar

A

the bony ring that separates the eye orbit from the back of the skull; within Primates, this feature is found among the prosimians

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7
Q

nocturnal

A

active during the night

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8
Q

olfactory

A

relating to the sense of smell

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9
Q

neocortex

A

the outer part of the brain that is involved in higher functions such as reasoning, abstract thought, and language

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10
Q

diurnal

A

active during the day

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11
Q

trichromatic

A

a condition in which an animal possesses three light-sensitive pigments in the cones in the retina of the eye, making it possible to see blue, green, and red

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12
Q

dichromatic

A

a condition in which an animal possesses two light-sensitive pigments in the cones in the retina of the eye, making it possible to see blue and green

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13
Q

estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity in females, correlated with ovulation

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14
Q

petrosal bulla

A

a bony outgrowth on the base of the skull that houses the three bones of the middle ear

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15
Q

diphyodont

A

having two sets of teeth: permanent (adult) and deciduous (baby) teeth

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16
Q

heterodont

A

having different kinds of teeth, eg. molar,s premolars, incisors, canines

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17
Q

omnivorous

A

eating a variety of different foods, including both plants and animals

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18
Q

dental formula

A

the number of each type of tooth in one quadrant of the mouth

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19
Q

r-selection strategy

A

a reproductive strategy in which females have many offspring and invest little parental care in those offspring

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20
Q

K-selection strategy

A

a reproductive strategy in which females have few offspring and invest greater parental care in those offspring

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21
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that primate features evolved as adaptations to a life in the trees

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22
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

the hypothesis ascribed to Matt Cartmill that primate features evolved as adaptations to insect predation

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23
Q

angiosperm radiation hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that primate features evolved as adaptations to flowering plants

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24
Q

narrow niche hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that the suite of characteristics seen in primates evolved not only from selection pressure for fine branch feeding, but also from the relaxation of previous selection pressures

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25
Prosimii
the suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
26
Anthropoidea
the suborder that includes monkeys, apes, and humans
27
Homininae
the taxonomic subfamily that includes modern humans and our earlier ancestors, as well as chimpanzees and bonobos
28
Strepsirhini
the suborder that comprises lemurs, lorises, and galagos
29
Haplorhini
the suborder that comprises tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
30
home range
the entire area exploited by an animal or group of animals
31
territory
an area that is defended against conspecific members of neighbouring groups
32
day ranges
the geographic space through which primates move in one day
33
core area
the portion of a primate's home range that contains the greatest concentration of resources and that is most heavily used by the group
34
intermembral index
a measure of the relative lengths of the upper and lower limbs, calculated as (humerus length + radius length) x 100/(femur length + tibia length)
35
knuckle-walkers
primates that display a form of locomotion characterized by walking on all four limbs with the body weight partially supported by the middle phalanges of the hands
36
vertical climbing and leaping
a form of locomotion characterized by leaping using the hindlimbs and clinging to branches and tree trunks using the forelimbs
37
brachiation
a form of locomotion characterized by arm-over-arm movement
38
semibrachiators
animals that combine arm-over-arm movement with other forms of locomotion
39
bipedalism
moving on two legs
40
folivorous
leaf-eating
41
frugivorous
fruit-eating
42
insectivorous
insect-eating
43
gummivorous
gum-eating; may also consume sap or resin
44
graminivorous
grass-eating
45
sacculated
divided into chambers
46
tooth comb
a feature formed by horizontally projecting front teeth on the lower jaw
47
grooming claw
a claw found on the second toe, used in grooming
48
rhinarium
the bare, wet surface at the end of the nose, seen in most mammals
49
Platyrrhines
New World monkeys
50
scent markings
a form of communication characterized by the deposition of chemicals such as urine or pheromones to mark territories
51
Catarrhines
Old World monkeys, apes, and humans
52
ischial callosities
patches of hardened skin on the rear end that facilitate sitting
53
sexual dimorphism
differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species
54
hominoids
members of the superfamily Hominoidea; they include apes and humans
55
laryngeal sac
an expanded larynx or voice box used to produce vocalizations
56
silverbacks
mature adult male gorillas characterized by a saddle of white hair across the back
57
sagittal crests
a large ridge of bone that runs along the sagittal suture of the skull; it serves to anchor the muscles involved in chewing
58
natal groups
the groups in which individuals are born
59
obligate
by virtue of necessity; our recent ancestors of the past 2-3 million years had developed a number of adaptations that effectively obliged them to adopt a terrestrial, bipedal form of locomotion
60
life history
the occurrence (timing, duration, etc.) of specific events and traits characteristic of a species; common life history variables include gestation length, interbirth interval, age at sexual maturity, and maximum life span
61
public anthropology
an emerging field within anthropology emphasizing community engagement with an aim to bring awareness to issues of inequity in the human domain, be they social, political, economic, or other
62
phylogenetic diversity
a measure of the taxonomic distinctness of a species

Anthropology (13 decks)

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