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Anthropology > Chapter 5: What It Means to Be a Primate > Flashcards

Chapter 5: What It Means to Be a Primate Flashcards

1
Q

mammalia

A

the class to which all mammals belong; this includes placental, egg-laying, and marsupial mammals

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2
Q

quadrupedal

A

walking on all four limbs

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3
Q

prehensile

A

grasping

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4
Q

opposable

A

the thumb or big toe can make contact with the tip of each of the other digits on the same hand/foot

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5
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

characterized by overlapping fields of view, allowing humans and other primates to see in three dimensions

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6
Q

postorbital bar

A

the bony ring that separates the eye orbit from the back of the skull; within Primates, this feature is found among the prosimians

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7
Q

nocturnal

A

active during the night

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8
Q

olfactory

A

relating to the sense of smell

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9
Q

neocortex

A

the outer part of the brain that is involved in higher functions such as reasoning, abstract thought, and language

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10
Q

diurnal

A

active during the day

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11
Q

trichromatic

A

a condition in which an animal possesses three light-sensitive pigments in the cones in the retina of the eye, making it possible to see blue, green, and red

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12
Q

dichromatic

A

a condition in which an animal possesses two light-sensitive pigments in the cones in the retina of the eye, making it possible to see blue and green

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13
Q

estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity in females, correlated with ovulation

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14
Q

petrosal bulla

A

a bony outgrowth on the base of the skull that houses the three bones of the middle ear

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15
Q

diphyodont

A

having two sets of teeth: permanent (adult) and deciduous (baby) teeth

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16
Q

heterodont

A

having different kinds of teeth, eg. molar,s premolars, incisors, canines

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17
Q

omnivorous

A

eating a variety of different foods, including both plants and animals

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18
Q

dental formula

A

the number of each type of tooth in one quadrant of the mouth

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19
Q

r-selection strategy

A

a reproductive strategy in which females have many offspring and invest little parental care in those offspring

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20
Q

K-selection strategy

A

a reproductive strategy in which females have few offspring and invest greater parental care in those offspring

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21
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that primate features evolved as adaptations to a life in the trees

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22
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

the hypothesis ascribed to Matt Cartmill that primate features evolved as adaptations to insect predation

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23
Q

angiosperm radiation hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that primate features evolved as adaptations to flowering plants

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24
Q

narrow niche hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that the suite of characteristics seen in primates evolved not only from selection pressure for fine branch feeding, but also from the relaxation of previous selection pressures

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25
Q

Prosimii

A

the suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

26
Q

Anthropoidea

A

the suborder that includes monkeys, apes, and humans

27
Q

Homininae

A

the taxonomic subfamily that includes modern humans and our earlier ancestors, as well as chimpanzees and bonobos

28
Q

Strepsirhini

A

the suborder that comprises lemurs, lorises, and galagos

29
Q

Haplorhini

A

the suborder that comprises tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

30
Q

home range

A

the entire area exploited by an animal or group of animals

31
Q

territory

A

an area that is defended against conspecific members of neighbouring groups

32
Q

day ranges

A

the geographic space through which primates move in one day

33
Q

core area

A

the portion of a primate’s home range that contains the greatest concentration of resources and that is most heavily used by the group

34
Q

intermembral index

A

a measure of the relative lengths of the upper and lower limbs, calculated as (humerus length + radius length) x 100/(femur length + tibia length)

35
Q

knuckle-walkers

A

primates that display a form of locomotion characterized by walking on all four limbs with the body weight partially supported by the middle phalanges of the hands

36
Q

vertical climbing and leaping

A

a form of locomotion characterized by leaping using the hindlimbs and clinging to branches and tree trunks using the forelimbs

37
Q

brachiation

A

a form of locomotion characterized by arm-over-arm movement

38
Q

semibrachiators

A

animals that combine arm-over-arm movement with other forms of locomotion

39
Q

bipedalism

A

moving on two legs

40
Q

folivorous

A

leaf-eating

41
Q

frugivorous

A

fruit-eating

42
Q

insectivorous

A

insect-eating

43
Q

gummivorous

A

gum-eating; may also consume sap or resin

44
Q

graminivorous

A

grass-eating

45
Q

sacculated

A

divided into chambers

46
Q

tooth comb

A

a feature formed by horizontally projecting front teeth on the lower jaw

47
Q

grooming claw

A

a claw found on the second toe, used in grooming

48
Q

rhinarium

A

the bare, wet surface at the end of the nose, seen in most mammals

49
Q

Platyrrhines

A

New World monkeys

50
Q

scent markings

A

a form of communication characterized by the deposition of chemicals such as urine or pheromones to mark territories

51
Q

Catarrhines

A

Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

52
Q

ischial callosities

A

patches of hardened skin on the rear end that facilitate sitting

53
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species

54
Q

hominoids

A

members of the superfamily Hominoidea; they include apes and humans

55
Q

laryngeal sac

A

an expanded larynx or voice box used to produce vocalizations

56
Q

silverbacks

A

mature adult male gorillas characterized by a saddle of white hair across the back

57
Q

sagittal crests

A

a large ridge of bone that runs along the sagittal suture of the skull; it serves to anchor the muscles involved in chewing

58
Q

natal groups

A

the groups in which individuals are born

59
Q

obligate

A

by virtue of necessity; our recent ancestors of the past 2-3 million years had developed a number of adaptations that effectively obliged them to adopt a terrestrial, bipedal form of locomotion

60
Q

life history

A

the occurrence (timing, duration, etc.) of specific events and traits characteristic of a species; common life history variables include gestation length, interbirth interval, age at sexual maturity, and maximum life span

61
Q

public anthropology

A

an emerging field within anthropology emphasizing community engagement with an aim to bring awareness to issues of inequity in the human domain, be they social, political, economic, or other

62
Q

phylogenetic diversity

A

a measure of the taxonomic distinctness of a species

Anthropology (13 decks)

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